ASTM D4214-07(2015)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films
Standard Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures provide a broad range of techniques and photographic references to evaluate chalking of exterior paints.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the degree of chalking on white or tinted exterior paint films. These test methods describe the procedures recommended for transferring the chalk to a fabric or fingertip, which is then compared to photographic reference standards, or in the case of adhesive tapes, compared to a reflectance table or photographic reference standards, to determine the degree of chalking.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4214 − 07 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Methods for
Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4214; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.1 chalking, n—the formation on a pigmented coating of
a friable powder evolved from the film itself at or just beneath
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the degree of
the surface.
chalking on white or tinted exterior paint films. These test
methodsdescribetheproceduresrecommendedfortransferring
4. Significance and Use
the chalk to a fabric or fingertip, which is then compared to
4.1 The procedures provide a broad range of techniques and
photographic reference standards, or in the case of adhesive
photographic references to evaluate chalking of exterior paints.
tapes, compared to a reflectance table or photographic refer-
ence standards, to determine the degree of chalking.
5. Type of Chalking
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
5.1 Only one type of chalking is recognized, as defined in
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Section 3.
only.
6. Use of Photographic Reference Standards
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 6.1 The photographic reference standards that are part of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- these test methods are representative of the degrees of chalking
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- on a paint film.The photographs shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 are
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. for illustration purposes only and should not be used for
evaluation.
2. Referenced Documents
6.2 The use of photographic reference standards illustrated
2.1 ASTM Standards:
in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 requires the following precautions:
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
6.2.1 The degree of chalking will vary over any given area.
Exterior Paints
Therefore, an average portion of the coating should be evalu-
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
ated. On large surfaces, it is recommended that the rating be
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
made at several locations and the mean and range reported.
6.2.2 It is difficult to make readings on a windy day and
2.2 Other Document:
making readings at such time should be avoided. It should also
Pictorial Standards of Coating Defects
be noted that rain, snow, or moisture in any form will remove
chalk so that readings should be made after a period of clear
3. Terminology
weather and when the surface is dry.
3.1 Definitions:
6.2.3 Chalking and erosion (Note 1) are closely related.
However, the rate of chalking as measured by these test
methods, and the rate of erosion may not be comparable
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
becausesomepigmentcombinationstendtoretainchalkonthe
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
surface while other pigment combinations exert a self-cleaning
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.25 on Evaluation of Weathering Effects.
Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originally
action by natural means.
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4214 – 07. DOI:
10.1520/D4214-07R15. NOTE 1—For the evaluation of erosion, see Test Method D662.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.3 Records may be kept on forms such as shown in Fig. 3.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Reporting of the results shall include the information given in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Section 8.
Copies of the pictorial photographic reference standards applicable to Test
Method A are contained in the publication Pictorial Standards of Coatings Defects
and may be obtained from the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 492 These record sheets may be obtained from the Federation of Societies for
Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422. Coatings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4214 − 07 (2015)
FIG. 1 Photographic Reference Standard No. 1—Test Method D659
surface being tested. Black (or white for dark coatings) wool
felt, velvet, and velveteen have proven particularly effective.
7.1.2 Procedure—Wrap the fabric around the index
fingertip, then make a 50 to 75-mm (2 to 3-in.) stroke with
medium pressure on the coating under observation. Remove
the fabric and compare the spot of chalk on it with Photo-
graphic Reference Standard No. 1.
NOTE 2—Medium pressure can be quantified by placing the finger on a
balance or scale, and pressing downward until 3 to 5-lb pressure is
obtained.
7.2 Test Method B—Wet Finger Method:
7.2.1 Procedure—Moisten a fingertip and with medium
pressure make one continuous rub 50 to 65 mm (2 to 2 ⁄2 in.)
in length on the surface under test. The chalk from this test
method should be rated as None, Visible, or Severe; however,
some may prefer to use an even numbered scale of 10 to zero.
7.3 Test Method C—Transparent Tape Method:
7.3.1 Materials:
7.3.1.1 Cellulose Adhesive Tape, 13-mm ( ⁄2-in.) wide,
pressure-sensitive.
7.3.1.2 Eraser, ⁄4 in. (20 mm), wrapped with cellophane
tape.
7.3.1.3 Masking Tape, 13-mm ( ⁄2-in.) wide.
7.3.1.4 Plastic Sheet Protector, clear.
7.3.1.5 Photographic Reference Standard No. 2, TNO.
7.3.1.6 Reflectance Standard, polished black glass.
7.3.1.7 Reflectance Standard, white tile.
NOTE 3—The black reference standard is necessary as the background
for this measurement, since the reflectance of black paper is too high.
Reflectometers (tristimulus colorimeters), with 0 to 45° geometry, use the
FIG. 2 Photographic Reference Standard No. 2—Verfinstituut TNO
Yvalue.
7.3.2 Optional Materials:
7.3.2.1 China Marker, black.
6.4 When these test methods is referenced in specifications
for performance, the permissible degree of chalking is estab-
Permission to include this test method is provided as a courtesy of NL
lished between the producer and the user.
Chemicals, Wyckoff Mills Rd., Hightstown, NJ 08520.
The TNO Method and photographic reference standard are provided as a
7. Recommended Procedures
courtesy of Verfinstituut TNO Paint Research Institute TNO, Schoemakerstraat 97,
Delft, Nederland. The original source of the photographic reference standard
7.1 Test Method A—Cloth Tape Method:
illustrated in Fig. 2 is the Paint Research Institute, TNO. The ASTM numerical
7.1.1 Material—Fabric, as agreed upon between the
rating of chalking shown on the photographic reference standard is opposite to the
producer, user, or other interested parties, to rub against the original TNO scale.
D4214 − 07 (2015)
NOTE 4—The average reflectance measurements of the initial and
ending “blank” tapes less the correction value for the clear plastic sheet
divided by 100 are used to verify a rating of 10 using Table 1.
7.3.4 Procedure:
7.3.4.1 Apply a 50-mm (2-in.) long piece of 13-mm ( ⁄2-in.)
wide tape to the surface being rated. Rub ten times with
moderate pressure using the covered eraser,
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4214 − 07 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Methods for
Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4214; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.1 chalking, n—the formation on a pigmented coating of
a friable powder evolved from the film itself at or just beneath
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the degree of
the surface.
chalking on white or tinted exterior paint films. These test
methods describe the procedures recommended for transferring
4. Significance and Use
the chalk to a fabric or fingertip, which is then compared to
4.1 The procedures provide a broad range of techniques and
photographic reference standards, or in the case of adhesive
photographic references to evaluate chalking of exterior paints.
tapes, compared to a reflectance table or photographic refer-
ence standards, to determine the degree of chalking.
5. Type of Chalking
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
5.1 Only one type of chalking is recognized, as defined in
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Section 3.
only.
6. Use of Photographic Reference Standards
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 6.1 The photographic reference standards that are part of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- these test methods are representative of the degrees of chalking
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- on a paint film. The photographs shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 are
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. for illustration purposes only and should not be used for
evaluation.
2. Referenced Documents
6.2 The use of photographic reference standards illustrated
2.1 ASTM Standards:
in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 requires the following precautions:
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of
6.2.1 The degree of chalking will vary over any given area.
Exterior Paints
Therefore, an average portion of the coating should be evalu-
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
ated. On large surfaces, it is recommended that the rating be
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
made at several locations and the mean and range reported.
6.2.2 It is difficult to make readings on a windy day and
2.2 Other Document:
making readings at such time should be avoided. It should also
Pictorial Standards of Coating Defects
be noted that rain, snow, or moisture in any form will remove
chalk so that readings should be made after a period of clear
3. Terminology
weather and when the surface is dry.
3.1 Definitions:
6.2.3 Chalking and erosion (Note 1) are closely related.
However, the rate of chalking as measured by these test
methods, and the rate of erosion may not be comparable
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
because some pigment combinations tend to retain chalk on the
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
surface while other pigment combinations exert a self-cleaning
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.25 on Evaluation of Weathering Effects.
Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originally
action by natural means.
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D4214 – 07. DOI:
10.1520/D4214-07R15. NOTE 1—For the evaluation of erosion, see Test Method D662.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.3 Records may be kept on forms such as shown in Fig. 3.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Reporting of the results shall include the information given in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Section 8.
Copies of the pictorial photographic reference standards applicable to Test
Method A are contained in the publication Pictorial Standards of Coatings Defects
and may be obtained from the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 492 These record sheets may be obtained from the Federation of Societies for
Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422. Coatings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4214 − 07 (2015)
FIG. 1 Photographic Reference Standard No. 1—Test Method D659
surface being tested. Black (or white for dark coatings) wool
felt, velvet, and velveteen have proven particularly effective.
7.1.2 Procedure—Wrap the fabric around the index
fingertip, then make a 50 to 75-mm (2 to 3-in.) stroke with
medium pressure on the coating under observation. Remove
the fabric and compare the spot of chalk on it with Photo-
graphic Reference Standard No. 1.
NOTE 2—Medium pressure can be quantified by placing the finger on a
balance or scale, and pressing downward until 3 to 5-lb pressure is
obtained.
7.2 Test Method B—Wet Finger Method:
7.2.1 Procedure—Moisten a fingertip and with medium
pressure make one continuous rub 50 to 65 mm (2 to 2 ⁄2 in.)
in length on the surface under test. The chalk from this test
method should be rated as None, Visible, or Severe; however,
some may prefer to use an even numbered scale of 10 to zero.
7.3 Test Method C—Transparent Tape Method:
7.3.1 Materials:
7.3.1.1 Cellulose Adhesive Tape, 13-mm ( ⁄2-in.) wide,
pressure-sensitive.
7.3.1.2 Eraser, ⁄4 in. (20 mm), wrapped with cellophane
tape.
7.3.1.3 Masking Tape, 13-mm ( ⁄2-in.) wide.
7.3.1.4 Plastic Sheet Protector, clear.
7.3.1.5 Photographic Reference Standard No. 2, TNO.
7.3.1.6 Reflectance Standard, polished black glass.
7.3.1.7 Reflectance Standard, white tile.
NOTE 3—The black reference standard is necessary as the background
for this measurement, since the reflectance of black paper is too high.
Reflectometers (tristimulus colorimeters), with 0 to 45° geometry, use the
FIG. 2 Photographic Reference Standard No. 2—Verfinstituut TNO
Yvalue.
7.3.2 Optional Materials:
7.3.2.1 China Marker, black.
6.4 When these test methods is referenced in specifications
for performance, the permissible degree of chalking is estab-
Permission to include this test method is provided as a courtesy of NL
lished between the producer and the user.
Chemicals, Wyckoff Mills Rd., Hightstown, NJ 08520.
The TNO Method and photographic reference standard are provided as a
7. Recommended Procedures
courtesy of Verfinstituut TNO Paint Research Institute TNO, Schoemakerstraat 97,
Delft, Nederland. The original source of the photographic reference standard
7.1 Test Method A—Cloth Tape Method:
illustrated in Fig. 2 is the Paint Research Institute, TNO. The ASTM numerical
7.1.1 Material—Fabric, as agreed upon between the
rating of chalking shown on the photographic reference standard is opposite to the
producer, user, or other interested parties, to rub against the original TNO scale.
D4214 − 07 (2015)
NOTE 4—The average reflectance measurements of the initial and
ending “blank” tapes less the correction value for the clear plastic sheet
divided by 100 are used to verify a rating of 10 using Table 1.
7.3.4 Procedure:
7.3.4.1 Apply a 50-mm (2-in.) long piece of 13-mm ( ⁄2-in.)
wide tape to the surface being rated. Rub ten times with
moderate pressure using the covered eraser, to remove all
bubbles and prevent scratching. Remove the tape from the
surface and adhere
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4214 − 07 D4214 − 07 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Test Methods for
Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4214; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the degree of chalking on white or tinted exterior paint films. These test methods
describe the procedures recommended for transferring the chalk to a fabric or fingertip, which is then compared to photographic
reference standards, or in the case of adhesive tapes, compared to a reflectance table or photographic reference standards, to
determine the degree of chalking.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior Paints
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
2.2 Other Document:
Pictorial Standards of Coating Defects
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 chalking, n—the formation on a pigmented coating of a friable powder evolved from the film itself at or just beneath the
surface.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The procedures provide a broad range of techniques and photographic references to evaluate chalking of exterior paints.
5. Type of Chalking
5.1 Only one type of chalking is recognized, as defined in Section 3.
6. Use of Photographic Reference Standards
6.1 The photographic reference standards that are part of these test methods are representative of the degrees of chalking on a
paint film. The photographs shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 are for illustration purposes only and should not be used for evaluation.
6.2 The use of photographic reference standards illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 requires the following precautions:
6.2.1 The degree of chalking will vary over any given area. Therefore, an average portion of the coating should be evaluated.
On large surfaces, it is recommended that the rating be made at several locations and the mean and range reported.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.25 on Evaluation of Weathering Effects.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007June 1, 2015. Published July 2007June 2015. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 19982007 as
D4214 – 98D4214 – 07. which was withdrawn March 2007 and reinstated in July 2007. DOI: 10.1520/D4214-07.DOI: 10.1520/D4214-07R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copies of the pictorial photographic reference standards applicable to Test Method A are contained in the publication Pictorial Standards of Coatings Defects and may
be obtained from the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4214 − 07 (2015)
FIG. 1 Photographic Reference Standard No. 1—Test Method D659
FIG. 2 Photographic Reference Standard No. 2—Verfinstituut TNO
6.2.2 It is difficult to make readings on a windy day and making readings at such time should be avoided. It should also be noted
that rain, snow, or moisture in any form will remove chalk so that readings should be made after a period of clear weather and
when the surface is dry.
6.2.3 Chalking and erosion (Note 1) are closely related. However, the rate of chalking as measured by these test methods, and
the rate of erosion may not be comparable because some pigment combinations tend to retain chalk on the surface while other
pigment combinations exert a self-cleaning action by natural means.
NOTE 1—For the evaluation of erosion, see Test Method D662.
D4214 − 07 (2015)
6.3 Records may be kept on forms such as shown in Fig. 3. Reporting of the results shall include the information given in
Section 8.
6.4 When these test methods is referenced in specifications for performance, the permissible degree of chalking is established
between the producer and the user.
7. Recommended Procedures
7.1 Test Method A—Cloth Tape Method:
7.1.1 Material—Fabric, as agreed upon between the producer, user, or other interested parties, to rub against the surface being
tested. Black (or white for dark coatings) wool felt, velvet, and velveteen have proven particularly effective.
These record sheets may be obtained from the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422.
NOTE 1—Label sample numbers, apply initial blank tape, and proceed with tape specimens of the samples.
FIG. 3 Example of Worksheet
D4214 − 07 (2015)
7.1.2 Procedure—Wrap the fabric around the index fingertip, then make a 50 to 75-mm (2 to 3-in.) stroke with medium pressure
on the coating under observation. Remove the fabric and compare the spot of chalk on it with Photographic Reference Standard
No. 1.
NOTE 2—Medium pressure can be quantified by placing the finger on a balance or scale, and pressing downward until 3 to 5-lb pressure is obtained.
7.2 Test Method B—Wet Finger Method:
7.2.1 Procedure—Moisten a fingertip and with medium pressure make one continuous rub 50 to 65 mm (2 to 2 ⁄2 in.) in length
on the surface under test. The chalk from this test method should be rated as None, Visible, or Severe; however, some may prefer
to use an even numbered scale of 10 to zero.
7.3 Test Method C—Transparent Tape Method:
7.3.1 Materials:
7.3.1.1 Cellulose Adhesive Tape, 13-mm ( ⁄2-in.) wide, pressure-sensitive.
7.3.1.2 Eraser, ⁄4 in. (20 mm), wrapped with cellophane tape.
7.3.1.3 Masking Tape, 13-mm ( ⁄2-in.) wide.
7.3.1.4 Plastic Sheet Protector, clear.
7.3.1.5 Photographic Reference Standard No. 2, TNO.
7.3.1.6 Reflectance Standard, polished black glass.
7.3.1.7 Reflectance Standard, white tile.
NOTE 3—The black reference standard is necessary as the background for this measurement, since the reflectance of black paper is too high.
Reflectometers (tristimulus colorimeters), with 0 to 45° geometry, use the Yvalue.
7.3.2 Optional Materials:
7.3.2.1 China Marker, black.
7.3.2.2 Razor Blade.
7.3.3 Preparation:
7.3.3.1 Separately mount and apply two 279-mm (11-in.) pieces of masking tape along the right side of the clear plastic sheet
cover leaving 32 mm (1 ⁄4 in.) of space between the pieces (see Fig. 4).
7.3.3.2 Remove a 50-mm (2-in.) long piece of 13-mm ( ⁄2-in.) cellulose, pressure-sensitive adhesive tape from the roll; place
it across the masking strips, and adhere it to the sheet using a 20-mm ( ⁄4-in.) eraser, wrapped with cellophane tape. Label this tape
“blank” on the clear plastic sheet cover. A black china marker has been found useful for this purpose.
NOTE 4—The average reflectanc
...
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