ASTM D7078/D7078M-19
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail Shear Method
Standard Test Method for Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail Shear Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This shear test is designed to produce shear property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Either in-plane or interlaminar shear properties may be evaluated, depending upon the orientation of the material coordinate system relative to the loading axis. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.
5.2 In anisotropic materials, properties may be obtained in any of the six possible shear planes by orienting the testing plane of the specimen with the desired material plane (1-2 or 2-1, 1-3 or 3-1, 2-3 or 3-2). Only a single shear plane may be evaluated for any given specimen. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method, include the following:
5.2.1 Shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,
5.2.2 Ultimate shear strength,
5.2.3 Ultimate engineering shear strain, and
5.2.4 Shear chord modulus of elasticity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by clamping the ends of a V-notched specimen between two pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces into the specimen through the specimen faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M is loaded through its top and bottom edges. Face loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the specimen, if required. Additionally, the present test method utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the V-notched specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M. In both test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the gage section shear stresses in relation to the shear stresses in the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the gage section while causing the shear stress distribution to be more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an unnotched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails that are loaded in tension. Also, in contrast to Test Method D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composites in the following material forms:
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted fabric filamentary laminae.
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardiza...
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Designation: D7078/D7078M − 19
Standard Test Method for
Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail
1
Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7078/D7078M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materi-
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
alsbyclampingtheendsofaV-notchedspecimenbetweentwo
used independently of the other, and values from the two
pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails
systems shall not be combined.
introduce shear forces into the specimen through the specimen
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in
faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/
brackets.
D5379M is loaded through its top and bottom edges. Face
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specimen, if required. Additionally, the present test method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
V-notched specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M. In both
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
gage section shear stresses in relation to the shear stresses in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
gage section while causing the shear stress distribution to be
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an un-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
notched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails
that are loaded in tension. Also, in contrast to Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen
2
gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or
D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
discontinuous-fiber-reinforcedcompositesinthefollowingma-
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
terial forms:
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous
D2584Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or
Resins
perpendicular to the fixture rails.
D2734TestMethodsforVoidContentofReinforcedPlastics
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, D3171Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
withthe0°directionorientedeitherparallelorperpendicularto Materials
the fixture rails. D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted D4255/D4255MTest Method for In-Plane Shear Properties
of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear
fabric filamentary laminae.
Method
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of
D5229/D5229MTestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
the fibers being randomly distributed.
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
Composite Materials
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
2
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2019. Published October 2019. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7078/D7078M–12. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7078_D7078M-19. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D7078/D7078M − 19
D5379/D5379MTest Method for Shear P
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7078/D7078M − 12 D7078/D7078M − 19
Standard Test Method for
Shear Properties of Composite Materials by V-Notched Rail
1
Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7078/D7078M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by
clamping the ends of a V-notched specimen between two pairs of loading rails. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear
forces into the specimen through the specimen faces. In comparison, the specimen of Test Method D5379/D5379M is loaded
through its top and bottom edges. Face loading allows higher shear forces to be applied to the specimen, if required. Additionally,
the present test method utilizes a specimen with a larger gage section than the V-notched specimen of Test Method
D5379/D5379M. In both test methods, the use of a V-notched specimen increases the gage section shear stresses in relation to the
shear stresses in the vicinity of the grips, thus localizing the failure within the gage section while causing the shear stress
distribution to be more uniform than in a specimen without notches. In comparison, Test Method D4255/D4255M utilizes an
unnotched specimen clamped between two pairs of loading rails that are loaded in tension. Also, in contrast to Test Method
D4255/D4255M, the present test method provides specimen gripping without the need for holes in the specimen.
The composite materials are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced composites in the following material
forms:
1.1.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or
perpendicular to the fixture rails.
1.1.2 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the
fixture rails.
1.1.3 Laminates composed of woven, braided, or knitted fabric filamentary laminae.
1.1.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure
conformance with the standard, each system mustshall be used independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.shall not be combined.
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on Lamina and
Laminate Test Methods.
Current edition approved July 15, 2012Aug. 15, 2019. Published December 2012October 2019. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20052012
as D7078/D7078MD7078/D7078M – 12.-05. DOI: 10.1520/D7078_D7078M-12.10.1520/D7078_D7078M-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United
...
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