ASTM D154-85(2009)

Standard Guide for Testing Varnishes (Withdrawn 2018)

ABSTRACT
This guide covers the proper selection and use of procedures for testing varnishes. Properties of liquid varnishes that may be tested are as follows: appearance; color (Gardner, tristimulus, and Platinum-Cobalt scale); viscosity (Gardner-Holdt bubble time, Ford cup efflux, and high precision kinematic viscosity); specific gravity; volatile content; nonvolatile matter; flash point (tag closed-cup, Pensky Martens, tag open-cup, and Setaflash closed tester); skinning; acid value; reactivity of paint liquids; quantitative rosin content; and qualitative rosin content (Lieberman-Storch and Halphen-Hicks). Drying and curing properties that may be tested are drying and print free time. Finally, properties of dry varnish that may be tested are as follows: gloss (specular gloss and reflective haze); resistance of dried films to water and alkali; abrasion resistance by carborundum air blast, falling abrasive, and Taber abraser; exterior durability; color of dried film; and clear floor sealers.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing varnishes. Some test methods are included, but most sections refer to specific ASTM test methods.
1.2 Varnishes may be applied under such diverse conditions to so many different surfaces and their dried films may be subjected to so many kinds of wear and exposure, that it is not possible to assure desired performance from a single selection of test methods and numerical results. Those skilled in varnish technology may find partial assurance of obtaining desired qualities in various types of varnishes through careful selection of the methods covered and intelligent interpretation of results.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide covers the selection and use of procedures for testing varnishes. Some test methods are included, but most sections refer to specific ASTM test methods.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications, this guide was withdrawn in July 2018 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2009
• Withdrawal Date: 09-Jul-2018
• ICS: 87.040 - Paints and varnishes
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.33 - Polymers and Resins

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D154-85(2001) - Standard Guide for Testing Varnishes
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D6763-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing Exterior Wood Stains and Clear Water Repellents
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2009
• Referred By: ASTM G195-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform Abraser
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D5146-10(2019) - Standard Guide to Testing Solvent-Borne Architectural Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D2205-20 - Standard Guide for Selection of Tests for Traffic Paints
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D5165-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Gelled Vehicles Using a Resin Kettle
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D3730-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing High-Performance Interior Architectural Wall Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D1725-12(2019) - Standard Practice for Preparing Resin Solutions for Viscosity Measurement by Bubble Time Method
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D154 − 85 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Guide for
Testing Varnishes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D154; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
D658 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of procedures
Coatings by Air Blast Abrasive (Withdrawn 1996)
for testing varnishes. Some test methods are included, but most
D968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
sections refer to specific ASTM test methods.
Coatings by Falling Abrasive
1.2 Varnishes may be applied under such diverse conditions
D1200 Test Method for Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup
to so many different surfaces and their dried films may be
D1209 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-
subjected to so many kinds of wear and exposure, that it is not
Cobalt Scale)
possible to assure desired performance from a single selection
D1310 TestMethodforFlashPointandFirePointofLiquids
of test methods and numerical results. Those skilled in varnish
by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
technology may find partial assurance of obtaining desired
D1469 Test Method for Total Rosin Acids Content of Coat-
qualities in various types of varnishes through careful selection
ing Vehicles (Withdrawn 2003)
of the methods covered and intelligent interpretation of results.
D1475 Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
and Related Products
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
D1542 Test Method for Qualitative Detection of Rosin in
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
Varnishes (Withdrawn 1997)
and are not considered standard.
D1544 Test Method for Color of Transparent Liquids (Gard-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ner Color Scale)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D1545 Test Method for Viscosity of Transparent Liquids by
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Bubble Time Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D1546 Practice for Testing the Performance of Clear Floor
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3
Sealers (Withdrawn 2008)
D1639 Test Method for Acid Value of Organic Coating
2. Referenced Documents
Materials (Withdrawn 2005)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1640 Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
of Organic Coatings at Room Temperature
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
D1641 Practice for Conducting Outdoor Exposure Tests of
Closed Cup Tester
Varnishes
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
D1644 Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Varnishes
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
D1647 Test Methods for Resistance of Dried Films of
ity)
Varnishes to Water and Alkali (Withdrawn 2004)
D479 Method of Test for Reactivity of Paint Liquids (With-
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
drawn 1984)
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
D2090 Test Method for Clarity and Cleanness of Paint and
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
Ink Liquids (Withdrawn 2007)
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
Subcommittee D01.33 on Polymers and Resins.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D154 – 85 (2001).
Coordinates
DOI: 10.1520/D0154-85R09.
2 D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
D2805 Test Method for Hiding Power of Paints by Reflec-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
tometry
the ASTM website.
3 D3278 Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D154 − 85 (2009)
D3964 Practice for Selection of Coating Specimens for (25°C) or other agreed temperature in accordance with Test
Appearance Measurements Method D1475 which allows use of either a pycnometer or a
D4039 Test Method for Reflection Haze of High-Gloss weight per gallon cup.
Surfaces
D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
7. Volatile Content
Coatings by the Taber Abraser
7.1 Volatile matter determination is an indication of the
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
amount of material in the coating that will be given off to the
the CIE System
atmosphereintheareawherethecoatingisapplied.Depending
upon the method of application, the time required to vaporize
LIQUID VARNISH PROPERTIES
the volatile, and the conditions of the atmosphere surrounding
3. Appearance the application, it is recommended that Test Method D2369 be
used to determine the volatile content of a varnish.
3.1 Appearance of the liquid varnish is important both for
aesthetic reasons and because it indicates whether the dried
8. Nonvolatile Matter
film is likely to have a satisfactory appearance. Examine the
liquid varnish for foreign matter, sediment or skins in accor-
8.1 Nonvolatile content is an indication of the amount of
dance with Test Method D2090.
permanent film-forming material contained in a varnish. The
normal drying of a varnish film may involve varying amounts
4. Color
of absorption of oxygen from the air, loss of volatile solvents,
4.1 Most varnishes are predominantly yellow, but the color and continuing decomposition of the dried film. The net result
of the liquid varnish is only a preliminary indication of the of this process may differ somewhat from a nonvolatile
color of the dried varnish film. The initial color may bleach or determination at a temperature higher than the normal drying
may darken depending upon the conditions of exposure. conditions.
Determine approximately and quickly the liquid color of small
8.2 With due regard to the composition of the varnish,
specimens in Gardner-Holdt tubes by comparison with the
determine the nonvolatile matter in accordance with either
Gardner Color Standards in accordance with Test Method
Method A (3 h at 220°F (105°C)) or Method B (10 min at
D1544.
300°F (149°C)) of Test Methods D1644.
4.2 Measure the color of extremely pale varnishes by using
8.3 As noted in Test Method D2369, nonvolatile matter can
larger specimens in 100-mL cylinders, 300 mm deep, in
also be calculated by subtracting the volatile content from 100.
accordance with Test Method D1209.
4.3 Amore precise measure of color, in terms of tristimulus
9. Flash Point
values, may be made on small specimens in 10-mm cells with
9.1 Determinetheflashpointofvarnisheshavingaviscosity
parallel walls in accordance with Practice E308.
of less than 9.5 cSt at 77°F (25°C) (45 SUS at 100°F) by Test
Method D56, and of varnishes having a viscosity of more than
5. Viscosity
9.5 cSt at 77°F by Test Methods D93. Alternatively, use Test
5.1 The viscosity of a varnish or clear vehicle is a property
Method D3278, which gives comparable results to Test Meth-
important in ease of application; varnishes for brush applica-
ods D56, D93, and Test Method D1310.
tion are typically 1 to 2 St whereas varnishes with viscosities
as high as 100 St may sometimes be added to lithography NOTE 1—Due to various U.S. Government and State regulations, it is
now necessary to check with appropriate departments to determine which
coatings or used as mixing vehicles for producing enamels.
ASTM Test Method is applicable.
Viscosity is commonly measured at 77°F (25°C).
5.2 Fortherapid,approximatemeasurementoftheviscosity
10. Skinning
of transparent varnishes, determine the bubble time by Test
10.1 Varnishes, which dry by
...