ASTM D6488-08
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Print Problems
Standard Terminology Relating to Print Problems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink makers, substrate makers, and printers.
The term “paper” in this standard also encompasses the term “paperboard.”
Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced sources are indicated by giving the acronym of the organization or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard gives definitions for problems that develop with printed matter as a result of deficiencies in the ink, substrate, press, or combinations thereof.
1.2 These definitions cover the three major printing processes and are given in the following sequence: lithography, flexography, and gravure. For further information see Refs (1-4) at the end of this standard.
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Designation: D6488 − 08
StandardTerminology Relating to
1
Print Problems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6488; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
DISCUSSION—It results from moisture being trapped under the dried
1. Scope*
ink film during heatset drying. This condition is more common with
1.1 This terminology standard gives definitions for prob-
higher ink coverage and heavier basis weight papers.
lems that develop with printed matter as a result of deficiencies
blocking, n—an undesired adhesion between sheets of printed
in the ink, substrate, press, or combinations thereof.
material that might occur under moderate pressure or in-
1.2 These definitions cover the three major printing pro-
creased temperature, or both, while in storage or in use.
cesses and are given in the following sequence: lithography,
DISCUSSION—Damage to one or both surfaces may be visible upon
flexography, and gravure. For further information see Refs
separation and may be due to improperly dried ink or coating.
(1-4) at the end of this standard.
bronzing, n—the metal-like reflectance which sometimes ap-
2. Referenced Documents pears at the surface of nonmetallic colored materials.
DISCUSSION—Bronzing is perceived at the specular angle by observ-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing the image of a white light source, for example, and is characterized
D4361 Test Method for Apparent Tack of Printing Inks and
by a distinct hue of different dominant wavelengths than the hue of the
Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter
color itself. The origin of the selective specular reflectance observed is
F425 Terminology Relating to Lithographic Copy Products generally considered to be reflectance from very small particle size
3
pigment partially separated from surrounding vehicle at or near the ink
(Withdrawn 2003)
film surface.
3. Significance and Use
catch up, n—a condition that occurs when the non-image area
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve
of the plate becomes ink receptive. See scum. [GATF]
communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink DISCUSSION—This condition results from the insufficient feeding of
dampening solution.
makers, substrate makers, and printers.
3.2 The term “paper” in this standard also encompasses the chalking, n—see powdering.
term “paperboard.”
coating pick, n—the removal of coating particles from the
3.3 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced
sheetsurfacethatoccurswhenthetackoftheinkexceedsthe
sourcesareindicatedbygivingtheacronymoftheorganization
surface strength of the substrate.
or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
DISCUSSION—A loss in surface strength may occur during printing
when the coating is resolubilized by the fountain solution.
4. Terminology
crocking, n—smudging or rubbing off of ink.
4.1 Definitions:
dot distortion, n—an undesired change in shape of halftone
4.1.1 Lithographic Printing:
dots during plate making or printing operations, or both.
blistering, n—the formation of small air pockets under the
printed paper surface.
dot doubling, n—the unintentional printing of two images
slightly out of register from a single form.
DISCUSSION—Dot doublings can be the result of a mechanical
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
problem due to undesired movement between the plate and the blanket.
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
dot gain, n—the increase in halftone dot size in relation to the
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved
dots on the lithographic film; it is the arithmetic difference
in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6488 – 05. DOI: 10.1520/
D6488-08.
between the dot area on the original film and dot area on the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
printed sheet.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
DISCUSSION—Physical dot gain can be caused by a number of the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
processing steps in prepress or during actual printing. Factors that
the ASTM website.
3
control dot gain on press are ink film thickness, amount of water feed,
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. solid print density, ink holdout/absorbance characteristics of the paper,
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C70
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6488–05 Designation:D6488–08
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Print Problems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6488; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This terminology standard gives definitions for problems that develop with printed matter as a result of deficiencies in the
ink, substrate, press, or combinations thereof.
1.2 Thesedefinitionscoverthethreemajorprintingprocessesandaregiveninthefollowingsequence:lithography,flexography,
and gravure. For further information see Refs (1-4) at the end of this standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 4361 Test Method for Apparent Tack of Printing Inks and Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter
F 425 Terminology Relating to Lithographic Copy Products
3. Significance and Use
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink makers,
substrate makers, and printers.
3.2 The term “paper” in this standard also encompasses the term “paperboard.”
3.3 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced sources are indicated by giving the acronym of the organization
or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
4. Terminology
4.1 Definitions:
4.1.1 Lithographic Printing:
blistering, n—the formation of small air pockets under the printed paper surface.
DISCUSSION—It results from moisture being trapped under the dried ink film during heatset drying. This condition is more common with higher ink
coverage and heavier basis weight papers.
blocking, n—an undesired adhesion between sheets of printed material that might occur under moderate pressure or increased
temperature, or both, while in storage or in use.
DISCUSSION—Damage to one or both surfaces may be visible upon separation and may be due to improperly dried ink or coating.
bronzing, n—the metal-like reflectance which sometimes appears at the surface of nonmetallic colored materials.
DISCUSSION—Bronzing is perceived at the specular angle by observing the image of a white light source, for example, and is characterized by a
distinct hue of different dominant wavelengths than the hue of the color itself. The origin of the selective specular reflectance observed is generally
considered to be reflectance from very small particle size pigment partially separated from surrounding vehicle at or near the ink film surface.
catch up, n—a condition that occurs when the non-image area of the plate becomes ink receptive. See scum. [GATF]
DISCUSSION—This condition results from the insufficient feeding of dampening solution.
chalking, n— see powdering.
coating pick, n—the removal of coating particles from the sheet surface that occurs when the tack of the ink exceeds the surface
strength of the substrate.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
´1
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D6488–04 .
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 6488 – 05.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D6488–08
DISCUSSION—A loss in surface strength may occur during printing when the coating is resolubilized by the fountain solution.
crocking, n—smudging or rubbing off of ink.
dot distortion, n—an undesired change in shape of halftone dots during plate making or printing operations, or both.
dot doubling, n—the unintentional printing of two images slightly out of register from a single form.
DISCUSSION—Dot doublings can be the result of a mechanical problem due to undesired movement between the plate and the blanket.
dot gain, n—the increase in halftone dot size
...
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