ASTM D1517-10
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Leather
Standard Terminology Relating to Leather
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D1517 − 10
StandardTerminology Relating to
1,2
Leather
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1517; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
These definitions are divided into two groups: the first group covers general terms, and the second
group covers definitions applicable to sampling.
The definitions of general terms include some of those encountered by personnel concerned with
specifications and procurement of hides, leather and leather products by the Federal Government.
The definitions applicable to sampling are mainly to be used in connection with the sampling for,
and testing of, physical and chemical properties.
Terms adequately defined by unabridged dictionaries are not generally included.
GENERAL TERMS This leather is so rare, that for practical purposes, it is
virtually nonexistent.
alligator—a general term used for leather made from the skins
of all aquatic species with a grain similar to the american
apron leathers—any one of several varieties of leather used in
alligator which cannot be killed legally and, therefore, is not
connection with textile machinery and blacksmith aprons.
used by the United States industry.
Comber and Gill Box apron leather is soft, mellow, tough
leather, tanned from steerhides, heavily stuffed and boarded
alligator-grained leather—leather of various types, such as
or otherwise softened. Rub Roll apron leather is a flexible
calf, sheep or cattlehide embossed to resemble the grain of
but firm, dry, strong leather.
alligator hide.
aspergillus niger—one of the most common mold growths
alum leather—leather produced by alum tannage, usually in
found on vegetable tanning vats and on leather, usually
combination with other substances. Before the invention of
greenish or blackish in color.
chrome-tanning this was the principal method of tanning
with mineral agents.
automobile leather—see upholstery leather.
aniline dyed leather—leather which has been colored by back—a crop with the head trimmed off behind the horn holes.
transparent dyes as distinguished from leather treated by (OZUP in Fig. 1.)
pigments or other opaque material.
bactericide—a chemical that kills bacteria.
aniline finish—a clear finish with little or no pigmentation.
bag leather—a general term for leathers used in traveling bags
antelope finish suede—applied to lambskin, goatskin, or
and suitcases. It does not include the light leathers employed
calfskin, sueded and finished to resemble antelope.
for women’s fancy handbags. The staple material for bag
and case leather at present is leather made from the hides of
antelope leather—a fine, soft leather made from an antelope
animals of the bovine species, but heavy sealskins and
skin, velvety in texture and sheen, sueded on the flesh side.
goatskins are also used.
1
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD31onLeather bark tannage—leather tanned by use of vegetable tannins
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.91 on Terminology.
found in barks, wood, and other plant derivatives, as
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published October 2010. Originally
distinguished from mineral tannages.
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D1517 – 06. DOI:
10.1520/D1517-10.
2 barkometer—a hydrometer used for determining the specific
These definitions have been developed in cooperation with the American
Leather Chemists Assn. (Definitions of Terms X1-1961). gravity of tanning solutions. A specific gravity of 1.000 is
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1517 − 10
order to prevent crackiness of the grain. It is performed by
dipping the leather in a weak alkaline solution to render the
tannin readily soluble, dipping in water, neutralizing in weak
acid solution and washing.
(2) the process of lightening the color of chrome leather
by treating with synthetic tannins or precipitating white
pigment in the surface of the leather.
bleeding—the transfer of materials exuded from leather to
other materials that come in contact with it.
FIG. 1 Hide, Showing Various Cuts
blocking—the adhesion between touching layers of leather
such as occurs under moderate pressures during storage or
equivalent of 0 deg barkometer (Bk), and each additional
use.
degree Bk is equivalent to an increase of 0.001 in specific
bloom—a light-colored deposit of ellagic acid appearing on
gravity.
the grain surface of leather tanned with certain pyrogallo
baseball leather—leather used for cove
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1517–06 Designation:D1517–10
Standard Terminology Relating to
,
1 2
Leather
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1517; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
These definitions are divided into two groups: the first group covers general terms, and the second
group covers definitions applicable to sampling.
The definitions of general terms include some of those encountered by personnel concerned with
specifications and procurement of hides, leather and leather products by the Federal Government.
The definitions applicable to sampling are mainly to be used in connection with the sampling for,
and testing of, physical and chemical properties.
Terms adequately defined by unabridged dictionaries are not generally included.
GENERAL TERMS
alligator—a general term used for leather made from the skins of all aquatic species with a grain similar to the american alligator
which cannot be killed legally and, therefore, is not used by the United States industry.
alligator-grained leather—leather of various types, such as calf, sheep or cattlehide embossed to resemble the grain of alligator
hide.
alum leather—leather produced by alum tannage, usually in combination with other substances. Before the invention of
chrome-tanning this was the principal method of tanning with mineral agents.
aniline dyed leather—leather which has been colored by transparent dyes as distinguished from leather treated by pigments or
other opaque material.
aniline finish—a clear finish with little or no pigmentation.
antelope finish suede—applied to lambskin, goatskin, or calfskin, sueded and finished to resemble antelope.
antelope leather—a fine, soft leather made from an antelope skin, velvety in texture and sheen, sueded on the flesh side. This
leather is so rare, that for practical purposes, it is virtually nonexistent.
apron leathers—any one of several varieties of leather used in connection with textile machinery and blacksmith aprons. Comber
and Gill Box apron leather is soft, mellow, tough leather, tanned from steerhides, heavily stuffed and boarded or otherwise
softened. Rub Roll apron leather is a flexible but firm, dry, strong leather.
aspergillus niger—one of the most common mold growths found on vegetable tanning vats and on leather, usually greenish or
blackish in color.
automobile leather—see upholstery leather.
back—a crop with the head trimmed off behind the horn holes. (OZUP in Fig. 1.)
bactericide—a chemical that kills bacteria.
bag leather—a general term for leathers used in traveling bags and suitcases. It does not include the light leathers employed for
women’s fancy handbags. The staple material for bag and case leather at present is leather made from the hides of animals of
the bovine species, but heavy sealskins and goatskins are also used.
barktannage—leathertannedbyuseofvegetabletanninsfoundinbarks,wood,andotherplantderivatives,asdistinguishedfrom
mineral tannages.
barkometer—a hydrometer used for determining the specific gravity of tanning solutions.Aspecific gravity of 1.000 is equivalent
of 0 deg barkometer (Bk), and each additional degree Bk is equivalent to an increase of 0.001 in specific gravity.
baseball leather—leather used for covers of baseballs. The better grades of balls have covers of alum-tanned horsehide front
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D31 on Leather and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.91 on Terminology .
´1
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D1517–99(04) . DOI:
10.1520/D1517-06.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published October 2010. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D1517 – 06. DOI:
10.1520/D1517-10.
2
These definitions have been developed in cooperation with the American Leather Chemists Assn. (Definitions of Terms X1-1961).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1517–10
FIG. 1 Hide, Showing Various Cuts
leather. Some cheaper grades are made of kip and sheepskins.
basil—uncolored vegetable-tanned sheepskin and lambskin.
bate—to treat unhaired hides or skins
...
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