ASTM D4790-99(2004)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals
Standard Terminology of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals
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Designation:D4790–99(Reapproved2004)
Standard Terminology of
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4790; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
DISCUSSION—This definition is not in conflict with that given in the
absorbance—the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of
current version of Definitions E12. D 2935; D16
the relative transmittance, T, expressed as:
A 5log ~1/T!52log T (1)
at-line analysis—analytical procedure performed in a process
10 10
environment using manually entered samples.
D 1840, D 2269, D 4053; D02
benzene—cyclohexatriene, benzol (obsolete) (C H ) mol
6 6
accuracy—the agreement between the mean of a series of
weight 78.11; clear, colorless, highly flammable liquid;
repeated measurements of a property and the accepted
characteristicodor;solidificationpoint+5.5°C;boilingpoint
reference value of the property. D 3980; D01
80.1°C.
acidity—the number of milligrams of sodium hydroxide con-
benzene, carbon disulfide-free—benzene treated with alco-
sumed when 100 mL of the sample are titrated under the
holic sodium hydroxide and used as a spectrophotometric
conditions prescribed in this method. D 847; D16
reference standard.
acid reaction—a characteristic of materials producing the
benzene-535, refined—benzene with impurities limited to
acid-color of the indicator used under the conditions pre-
trace amounts by a solidification point of 5.35°C and having
scribed in this method. D 847; D16
a total distillation range of no more than 1.0°C. Refer to
acid wash color—the color developed in the separated acid
Specification D2359 for complete specifications.
when a sample is agitated with sulfuric acid under the
benzene-545, refined—benzene with impurities limited to
condition prescribed in this method. D 848; D 2279; D16
trace amounts by a solidification point of 5.45°C and having
aldehydes—a broad class of organic compounds having a
a total distillation range of no more than 1°C. Refer to
generic formula RCHO, and characterized by a carbonyl
Specification D4734.
group.
benzene-485, refined (nitration grade)—benzene with impu-
alkaline or basic reaction—a characteristic of the materials
rities limited by a solidification point of 4.85°C and having
producing the alkalicolor of the indicator used under the
a total distillation range of no more than 1.0°C. Refer to
conditions prescribed in this method. D 847; D16
Specification D835 for complete specifications.
alpha-methylstyrene—2-phenylpropene (C H ) mol weight
9 10 benzene, thiophene-free—benzene refined by special treat-
119.16;colorlessliquid;subjecttopolymerizationbyheator
ment and used as a reagent in ASTM standards.
catalysts; freezing point,−23.21°C; boiling point, 165.38°C.
bias—a persistent positive or negative deviation of a test
apparent density—the density calculated when the pycnom-
method average value from the assumed or accepted true
eter is calibrated with water, weighed in air, and when the
value. D 1129; D 2777; D19
sample is weighed in air and no air buoyancy correction is
bromine index—the number of milligrams of bromine con-
usedforeitherweighing,eventhoughthedensityinvacuum
sumed by 100 g of sample under given conditions.
of water is used in calculating the apparent volume of the
D 1492; D16
pycnometer.
carbon disulfide (CS )—mol weight 76.14; clear, colorless,
apparent density at 60°F—the weight in air of a unit volume
flammable, volatile liquid; boiling point, 45.6°C; freezing
of sample at 60°F; in this method, the weight is in pounds
point, 111.6°C.
and the volume in U.S. liquid gallons. Average air in this
clear—free of turbidity.
method is assumed to have a density of 0.0012 g/cm .
cloud point of phenol—the temperature at which a separate
phase forms when a homogeneous solution of phenol in
water is allowed to cool at a prescribed rate from a
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 on
temperature above that at which phase separation occurs. It
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D16.05 on Editorial and Nomenclature. may precisely be defined as follows: when a homogeneous
Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
solution of phenol and water is allowed to cool at a
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D4790–99.
prescribed rate with stirring, the solution will show a slight
The boldface designations refer to the original source of the definition and the
cloudiness or turbidity as the cloud point is approached. On
ASTM Technical Committee having jurisdiction.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
D4790–99 (2004)
further cooling, the cloudiness will increase rapidly and the homologues of phenol—compounds of the phenol series
thermometerbulb,whichiscentrallylocatedinthetesttube, whose structure differs regularly by some radical (for ex-
will suddenly become invisible. The temperature at which ample,-CH )fromthatofitsadjacentneighborintheseries.
thethermometerbulbbecomesinvisibleistakenasthecloud Also cresols and xylenols.
point. D 2147; D16 hydrogen sulfide (H S)—mol weight 34.08; flammable, poi-
cloudy—qualitative expression of turbidity. sonous gas with characteristic odor of rotten eggs.
confidence limits—the limits on either side of the mean value industrial grade—aqualityofaromatichydrocarbonssuitable
of a group of observations which will, in a stated fraction or for many industrial applications that have a tolerance for
percent of the cases include the expected value. Thus the nonreactive impurities.
95% confidence limits are the values between which the
DISCUSSION—The classification covers intermediate levels of purity
population mean will be situated in 95 out of 100 cases.
that may vary over a wide range for different materials.
D 3980; D01
inhibitor—asubstanceaddedtoamaterialtoretardorprevent
copper corrosion—a qualitative indication of reactive impu-
deterioration.
ritiesinaromatichydrocarbons.Aniridescent,gray,orblack
initial boiling point—the temperature observed immediately
discolorationofpolishedcopperstripisconsideredcausefor
after the first drop of distillate falls into the receiving
rejection.
cylinder during a distillation test.
corrosive substance—in Committee D16 Standards, material
isopropylbenzene—see cumene.
in industrial aromatic hydrocarbons that discolors or tar-
internal standard—a compound of known behavior added to
nishes polished copper.
a sample to facilitate the analysis. D 2908; D19
cresol(s)—methyl phenol, hydroxymethyl benzene (C H O)
7 8
ketones—a class of organic compounds possessing a carbonyl
mol weight 108.13; colorless, yellowish, brownish, yellow,
group attached to two hydrocarbon groups. Acetone is the
or pinkish liquid; phenolic odor. Three isomeric cresols
first member of this series.
exist.
meta-xylene—1,3-dimethylbenzene (C H ) mol weight
cresylic acids—commercial mixtures of phenolic materials 8 10
106.16; clear, colorless, flammable liquid; freezing
which may include phenol, cresols, xylenols, and other
point,−47.87°C; boiling point, 139.3°C.
alkylated phenols.
moisture, atmospheric—ambient humidity that may be ab-
cumene—(C H )molweight120.19;clear,flammableliquid;
9 12
sorbed by hygroscopic material during sampling and testing
melting point,−96.0°C; boiling point, 152.4°C.
and may lead to erroneous results.
cyclohexane-995—cyclohexane with a purity of 99.5
molten state—the liquid phase of a solid substance existing
weight% minimum determined by analysis by gas chroma-
above its melting point temperature.
tography. Refer to proposed specifications for complete
naphtha, aromatic solvent—aconcentrateofaromatichydro-
requirements.
carbons including C,C and C homologs.
8 9 10
degrees of freedom—the number of observations minus the
number of constraints imposed upon the system. In general,
DISCUSSION—Distillation end point of individual grades varies be-
onlyoneconstraint(forexample,themeanvalue)isimposed
tween 155 and 220°C to provide a range of volatility and solvency
characteristics. Color of solvents is water-white to dark red depending
andthetotaldegreesoffreedomareonelessthanthenumber
on refining treatment.
of observations. D 3980; D01
density in air—the weight per unit volume in vacuum minus
naphthalene (C H )—mol weight 128.16; monoclinic pris-
10 6
theweightofavolumeofairequaltothedifferencebetween
matic plates; commercially available as white scales, pow-
the volume of the sample and the volume of brass weights
der, balls, or cakes; odor of moth balls; solidification point,
equivalent to weight in vacuum of the sample.
80.1°C; sublimes above melting point.
dry point temperature—the temperature observed immedi-
nonaromatic hydrocarbons—one or more types of hydrocar-
ately after the liquid just disappears from the bottom of the
bons identified as paraffins, cycloparaffins (naphthenes), and
flask during a distillation test.
olefins. Generally, the saturated types, paraffins and cyclo-
ethylbenzene (C H )—mol weight 106.16; clear, colorless,
8 10
paraffins, constitute the impurities in the commercial grades
flammable liquid; freezing point,−94.97°C; boiling point,
of aromatic hydrocarbons.
136°C.
nonvolatile matter—the oily, gummy, or resinous residue
ev
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