ASTM C1322-05be1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
Standard Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is suitable for monolithic and some composite ceramics, for example, particulate- and whisker-reinforced and continuous-grain-boundary phase ceramics. (Long- or continuous-fiber reinforced ceramics are excluded.) For some materials, the location and identification of fracture origins may not be possible due to the specific microstructure.
This practice is principally oriented towards characterization of fracture origins in specimens loaded in so-called fast fracture testing, but the approach can be extended to include other modes of loading as well.
The procedures described within are primarily applicable to mechanical test specimens, although the same procedures may be relevant to component failure analyses as well. It is customary practice to test a number of specimens (constituting a sample) to permit statistical analysis of the variability of the material's strength. It is usually not difficult to test the specimens in a manner that will facilitate subsequent fractographic analysis. This may not be the case with component failure analyses. Component failure analysis is sometimes aided by cutting test pieces from the component and fracturing the test pieces. Fracture markings and fracture origins from the latter may aid component interpretation.
Optimum fractographic analysis requires examination of as many similar specimens or components as possible. This will enhance the chances of successful interpretations. Examination of only one or a few specimens can be misleading. Of course, in some instances the fractographer may have access to only one or a few fractured specimens or components.
Successful and complete fractography also requires careful consideration of all ancillary information that may be available, such as microstructural characteristics, material fabrication, properties and service histories, component or specimen machining, or preparation techniques.
Fractographic inspection and analysis can be a time-consuming process. ...
SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this practice is to provide an efficient and consistent methodology to locate and characterize fracture origins in advanced ceramics. It is applicable to advanced ceramics which are brittle; that is, the material adheres to Hooke's Law up to fracture. In such materials, fracture commences from a single location which is termed the fracture origin. The fracture origin in brittle ceramics normally consists of some irregularity or singularity in the material which acts as a stress concentrator. In the parlance of the engineer or scientist, these irregularities are termed flaws or defects. The latter should not be construed to mean that the material has been prepared improperly or is somehow faulty.
1.2 Although this practice is primarily intended for laboratory test piece analysis, the general concepts and procedures may be applied to component failure analyses as well. In many cases, component failure analysis may be aided by cutting laboratory test pieces out of the component. Information gleaned from testing the laboratory pieces (for example, flaw types, general fracture features, fracture mirror constants) may then aid interpretation of component fractures. For more information on component fracture analysis, see Ref (1).
1.3 This practice supersedes Military Handbook 790.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1322 – 05b
Standard Practice for
Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in
1
Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Added research report footnote to Section X3.1 editorially in September 2008.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.1 The objective of this practice is to provide an efficient 2.1 ASTM Standards:
and consistent methodology to locate and characterize fracture C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
origins in advanced ceramics. It is applicable to advanced C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
ceramics which are brittle; that is, the material adheres to Products
Hooke’s Law up to fracture. In such materials, fracture C1036 Specification for Flat Glass
commences from a single location which is termed the fracture C1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
origin.The fracture origin in brittle ceramics normally consists C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
of some irregularity or singularity in the material which acts as Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
a stress concentrator. In the parlance of the engineer or C1211 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
scientist, these irregularities are termed flaws or defects. The Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
latter should not be construed to mean that the material has C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
been prepared improperly or is somehow faulty. Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced
1.2 Although this practice is primarily intended for labora- Ceramics
tory test piece analysis, the general concepts and procedures F109 Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on
may be applied to component failure analyses as well. In many Ceramics
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cases, component failure analysis may be aided by cutting 2.2 Military Standard:
laboratory test pieces out of the component. Information Military Handbook 790, Fractography and Characterization
gleaned from testing the laboratory pieces (for example, flaw of Fracture Origins in Advanced Structural Ceramics,
types, general fracture features, fracture mirror constants) may 1992
then aid interpretation of component fractures. For more
2 3. Terminology
information on component fracture analysis, see Ref (1).
1.3 This practice supersedes Military Handbook 790. 3.1 General—The following terms are given as a basis for
identifying fracture origins that are common to advanced
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ceramics. It should be recognized that origins can manifest
themselves differently in various materials.The photographs in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Appendix X1 show examples of the origins defined in3.11 and
3.20. Terms that are contained in other ASTM standards are
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
noted at the end of the each definition.
3.2 advanced ceramic, n—a highly engineered, high-
performance, predominately nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic
material having specific functional attributes. C1145
3.3 brittle fracture, n—fracturethattakesplacewithlittleor
no preceding plastic deformation.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced
Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on Mechanical
3
Properties and Performance. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2005.PublishedJuly2005.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C1322 – 05a. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
C1322-05BE01. the ASTM website.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of Available from Army Research Laboratory-Materials Directorate, Aberdeen
this standard. Proving Ground, MD 21005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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C1322 – 05b
3.4 flaw, n—structural discontinuity in an advanced ceramic 3.21 handling damage, n, (HD)—as used in fractography,
body that acts as a highly localized stress raiser. surface-distributed flaws that include scratches, chips, cracks,
etc., due to the handling of the specimen/compone
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:C1322–05a Designation: C 1322 – 05b
Standard Practice for
Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in
1
Advanced Ceramics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Added research report footnote to Section X3.1 editorially in September 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 Theobjectiveofthispracticeistoprovideanefficientandconsistentmethodologytolocateandcharacterizefractureorigins
in advanced ceramics. It is applicable to advanced ceramics which are brittle; that is, the material adheres to Hooke’s Law up to
fracture. In such materials, fracture commences from a single location which is termed the fracture origin. The fracture origin in
brittle ceramics normally consists of some irregularity or singularity in the material which acts as a stress concentrator. In the
parlance of the engineer or scientist, these irregularities are termed flaws or defects. The latter should not be construed to mean
that the material has been prepared improperly or is somehow faulty.
1.2 Although this practice is primarily intended for laboratory test piece analysis, the general concepts and procedures may be
applied to component failure analyses as well. In many cases, component failure analysis may be aided by cutting laboratory test
pieces out of the component. Information gleaned from testing the laboratory pieces (for example, flaw types, general fracture
features, fracture mirror constants) may then aid interpretation of component fractures. For more information on component
2
fracture analysis, see Ref (1).
1.3 This practice supersedes Military Handbook 790.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
C 242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
C 1036 Specification for Flat Glass
C 1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
C 1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
C 1211 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
C 1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters forAdvanced Ceramics
F 109 Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on Ceramics
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2.2 Military Standard:
Military Handbook 790, Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Structural Ceramics, 1992
3. Terminology
3.1 General—The following terms are given as a basis for identifying fracture origins that are common to advanced ceramics.
It should be recognized that origins can manifest themselves differently in various materials. The photographs in Appendix X1
show examples of the origins defined in 3.11 and 3.20. Terms that are contained in otherASTM standards are noted at the end of
the each definition.
3.2 advanced ceramic, n—a highly engineered, high-performance, predominately nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic material
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.02C28.01 on Reliability
. Mechanical Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Feb.July 1, 2005. Published MarchJuly 2005. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 1322 – 05a.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from Army Research Laboratory-Materials Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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C 1322 – 05b
having specific functional attributes. C1145
3.3 brittle fracture, n—fracture that takes place with little or no preceding
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