iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E3100-17

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Concrete Structures

Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Concrete Structures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Real-time detection and assessment of cracks and other flaws in concrete structures is of great importance. A number of methods have been developed and standardized in recent decades for non-destructive evaluation of concrete structures as well as methods for in-place evaluation of concrete properties. Review of some of these methods can be found in ACI 228.2R-13, ACI 228.1R-03, and ACI 437R-03. They include visual inspection, stress-wave methods such as impact echo, pulse velocity, impulse response, nuclear methods, active and passive infrared thermography, ground-penetrating radar and others. These methods in most of the cases are not used for overall inspection of the concrete structure due to limited accessibility, significant thickness of concrete components, or other reasons and are not applied for continuous long-term monitoring. Further, these methods cannot be utilized for estimation of flaw propagation rate or evaluation of flaw sensitivity to operational level loads or environmental changes, or both.  
5.2 In addition to the previously mentioned non-destructive tests methods, vibration, displacement, tilt, shock, strain monitoring, and other methods have been applied to monitor, periodically or continuously, various factors that can affect the integrity of concrete structures during operation. However, these methods monitor risk factors that are not necessarily associated with actual damage accumulation in the monitored structures.  
5.3 Monitoring the horizontal (opening) or vertical displacement of existing cracks can be performed as well using different technologies. These may include moving scales (Fig. 1), vibrating wire, draw wire, or other crack opening displacement meters, optical and digital microscopes, strain gages, or visual assessment. However, this type of monitoring is only applicable to surface cracks and requires long monitoring periods.
FIG. 1 Moving Scale Crack Opening Monitor  
5.4 This guide is meant to be used for developmen...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the application of acoustic emission (AE) technology for examination of concrete and reinforced concrete structures during or after construction, or in service.  
1.2 Structures under consideration include but are not limited to buildings, bridges, hydraulic structures, tunnels, decks, pre/post-tensioned (PT) structures, piers, nuclear containment units, storage tanks, and associated structural elements.  
1.3 AE examinations may be conducted periodically (short-term) or monitored continuously (long-term), under normal service conditions or under specially designed loading procedures. Examples of typical examinations are the detection of growing cracks in structures or their elements under normal service conditions or during controlled load testing, long term monitoring of pre-stressed cables, and establishing safe operational loads.  
1.4 AE examination results are achieved through detection, location, and characterization of active AE sources within concrete and reinforced concrete. Such sources include micro- and macro-crack development in concrete due to loading scenarios such as fatigue, overload, settlement, impact, seismicity, fire and explosion, and also environmental effects such as temperature gradients and internal or external chemical attack (such as sulfate attack and alkali-silica reaction) or radiation. Other AE source mechanisms include corrosion of rebar or other metal parts, corrosion and rupture of cables in pre-stressed concrete, as well as friction due to structural movement or instability, or both.  
1.5 This guide discusses selection of the AE apparatus, setup, system performance verification, detection and processing of concrete damage related AE activity. The guide also provides approaches that may be used in analysis and interpretation of acoustic emission data, assessment of examination results and establishing accept/reject criteria.  
1.6 The values stated in SI ...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2017
ICS
91.120.20 - Acoustics in building. Sound insulation
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Buy Standard

ASTM E3100-17 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Concrete StructuresASTM E3100-17 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Concrete Structures
PreviousNext
Guide
ASTM E3100-17 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Concrete Structures
English language
8 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E3100 − 17
Standard Guide for
1
Acoustic Emission Examination of Concrete Structures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope provides approaches that may be used in analysis and interpre-
tation of acoustic emission data, assessment of examination
1.1 This guide describes the application of acoustic emis-
results and establishing accept/reject criteria.
sion (AE) technology for examination of concrete and rein-
forced concrete structures during or after construction, or in 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
service. standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.2 Structures under consideration include but are not lim-
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ited to buildings, bridges, hydraulic structures, tunnels, decks,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pre/post-tensioned (PT) structures, piers, nuclear containment
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
units, storage tanks, and associated structural elements.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.3 AE examinations may be conducted periodically (short-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
term) or monitored continuously (long-term), under normal
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
service conditions or under specially designed loading proce-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
dures. Examples of typical examinations are the detection of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
growing cracks in structures or their elements under normal
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
service conditions or during controlled load testing, long term
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
monitoring of pre-stressed cables, and establishing safe opera-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
tional loads.
1.4 AE examination results are achieved through detection, 2. Referenced Documents
2
location, and characterization of active AE sources within
2.1 ASTM Standards:
concrete and reinforced concrete. Such sources include micro-
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
and macro-crack development in concrete due to loading
Testing
scenarios such as fatigue, overload, settlement, impact,
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
seismicity, fire and explosion, and also environmental effects
E1932 Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small
such as temperature gradients and internal or external chemical
Parts
attack (such as sulfate attack and alkali-silica reaction) or
E2374 Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance
radiation. Other AE source mechanisms include corrosion of
Verification
rebar or other metal parts, corrosion and rupture of cables in 3
2.2 ANSI/ASNT Standards:
pre-stressed concrete, as well as friction due to structural
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive
movement or instability, or both.
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
1.5 This guide discusses selection of the AE apparatus, ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Cer-
setup, system performance verification, detection and process-
tification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
ing of concrete damage related AE activity. The guide also
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Acoustic Emission Method. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
E3100–17. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3100 − 17
4
2.3 AIA Standard decadesfornon-destructiveevaluationofconcretestructuresas
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive well as methods for in-place evaluation of concrete properties.
Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee) Review of some of these methods can be found in ACI
5
2.4 ISO Standard: 228.2R-13, ACI 228.1R-03, and ACI 437R-03. They includ
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM E3100-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Concrete Structures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Real-time detection and assessment of cracks and other flaws in concrete structures is of great importance. A number of methods have been developed and standardized in recent decades for non-destructive evaluation of concrete structures as well as methods for in-place evaluation of concrete properties. Review of some of these methods can be found in ACI 228.2R-13, ACI 228.1R-03, and ACI 437R-03. They include visual inspection, stress-wave methods such as impact echo, pulse velocity, impulse response, nuclear methods, active and passive infrared thermography, ground-penetrating radar and others. These methods in most of the cases are not used for overall inspection of the concrete structure due to limited accessibility, significant thickness of concrete components, or other reasons and are not applied for continuous long-term monitoring. Further, these methods cannot be utilized for estimation of flaw propagation rate or evaluation of flaw sensitivity to operational level loads or environmental changes, or both.  
5.2 In addition to the previously mentioned non-destructive tests methods, vibration, displacement, tilt, shock, strain monitoring, and other methods have been applied to monitor, periodically or continuously, various factors that can affect the integrity of concrete structures during operation. However, these methods monitor risk factors that are not necessarily associated with actual damage accumulation in the monitored structures.  
5.3 Monitoring the opening or elongation of existing cracks can be performed as well using different technologies. These may include moving scales (Fig. 1), vibrating wire, draw wire, or other crack opening displacement meters, optical and digital microscopes, strain gages, or visual assessment. However, this type of monitoring is only applicable to surface cracks and requires long monitoring periods.
FIG. 1 Moving Scale Crack Opening Monitor  
5.4 This guide is meant to be used for development of acoustic emission a...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the application of acoustic emission (AE) technology for examination of concrete and reinforced concrete structures during or after construction, or in service.  
1.2 Structures under consideration include but are not limited to buildings, bridges, hydraulic structures, tunnels, decks, pre/post-tensioned (PT) structures, piers, nuclear containment units, storage tanks, and associated structural elements.  
1.3 AE examinations may be conducted periodically (short-term) or monitored continuously (long-term), under normal service conditions or under specially designed loading procedures. Examples of typical examinations are the detection of growing cracks in structures or their elements under normal service conditions or during controlled load testing, long term monitoring of pre-stressed cables, and establishing safe operational loads.  
1.4 AE examination results are achieved through detection, location, and characterization of active AE sources within concrete and reinforced concrete. Such sources include micro- and macro-crack development in concrete due to loading scenarios such as fatigue, overload, settlement, impact, seismicity, fire and explosion, and also environmental effects such as temperature gradients and internal or external chemical attack (such as sulfate attack and alkali-silica reaction) or radiation. Other AE source mechanisms include corrosion of rebar or other metal parts, corrosion and rupture of cables in pre-stressed concrete, as well as friction due to structural movement or instability, or both.  
1.5 This guide discusses selection of the AE apparatus, setup, system performance verification, detection and processing of concrete damage related AE activity. The guide also provides approaches that may be used in analysis and interpretation of acoustic emission data, assessment of examination results and establishing accept/reject criteria.  
1.6 Units—The values stated ...

  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2984/E2984M-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of High Pressure, Low Carbon, Forged Piping using Controlled Hydrostatic Pressurization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 High pressure fluids being pumped in all oil field applications often stress iron pipes where subsequent failure can lead to injury to personnel or equipment. These forgings are typically constructed from 4700 series low carbon steel with a wall thickness in excess of 1.25 cm [0.5 in.], dependent on the manufacturers' specification. The standard method to certify that these iron segments can withstand operational pressures is to perform dye penetrant (PT) or magnetic particle penetrant (MT) tests, or both, to reveal defects (cracks and corrosion). As these methods are subject to interpretation by the human eye, it is desirable to employ a technique whereby a sensor based system can provide a signal to either pass or fail the test object. To that end, the acoustic emission (AE) method provides the requisite data from which acceptance/rejection can be made by a computer, taking the human out of the loop, providing that a human has correctly programmed the acceptance criteria. Most of these pipe segments are not linear, thus a 3D defect location method is desirable. The 3D source indication represents the spatial location of the defect without regard to its orientation, recognizing the source location is only approximate due to sound propagation through the part and water bath.  
5.2 The immersed 3D approach is found to be preferable due to the large number of parts to be examined. The 3D system is easily replicated and standardized in that all sensor locations are fixed to the exterior of the fluid bath. Multiple parts may be easily placed into an assembly, allowing all to be examined in a single test, thus accelerating throughput. Attaching a minimum of eight AE sensors to the tank enhances the probability that a sufficient number of AE hits in an event will occur, allowing for an approximate location determination. When an indication of a defect is observed, the subject part is identified by the spatial location allowing it to be removed for further examination...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is no longer being updated but is being retained for historical value as it represents the only AE practice using hydrostatic testing in which the sensors are not in direct contact with the part.  
1.2 In the preferred embodiment, this practice examines immersed low carbon, forged piping being immersed in a water tank with the acoustic sensors permanently mounted on the tank walls rather than temporarily on the part itself. The pipes are monitored while being internally loaded (stressed) by hydrostatic means up to 1000 bar.  
1.3 This practice examines either an immersed pipe, or non-immersed pipe being stressed by internal hydrostatic means to create acoustic emissions when cracks are present. However, the non-immersed method is time consuming, requiring placement and removal of sensors for each pipe inspected, while the immersed method has sensors permanently mounted, providing consistent sensor coupling to the tank-eliminating reinstallation. The non-immersed method is not recommended for the specified reasons and only the immersed method will be discussed throughout the remainder of the practice. This is similar to pressure vessel testing described in Practice E569, but uses hydrostatic means not included in that standard.  
1.4 This Acoustic Emission (AE) method addresses examination for monitoring low carbon, forged piping systems being internally loaded (stressed) by hydrostatic means up to 1000 bar [15,000 psi] while being immersed in a water bath to facilitate sensor coupling.  
1.5 The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources.  
1.6 This practice can be used to replace visual methods, which are unreliable and have significant safety risks.  
1.7 This practice describes procedures to install and monitor acoustic...

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E569/E569M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation

ABSTRACT
This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) examination or monitoring of structures, such as pressure vessels, piping systems, or other structures that can be stressed by mechanical or thermal means. The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of acoustic emission sources. Acoustic emission examination of a structure usually requires application of a mechanical or thermal stimulus. Such stimulation produces changes in the stresses in the structure. During stimulation of a structure, AE from discontinuities (such as cracks and inclusions) and from other areas of stress concentration, or from other acoustic sources (such as leaks, loose parts, and structural motion) can be detected by an instrumentation system, using sensors which, when stimulated by stress waves, generate electrical signals. Annual calibration and verification of pressure transducer, AE sensors, preamplifiers, signal processor, and AE electronic waveform generator should be performed.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Controlled stimulation, that is, the application of mechanical or thermal load, can generate AE from flawed areas of the structure. Sources may include flaw growth, oxide fracture, crack face stiction and release on load application, and crack face rubbing.  
5.2 The load range above normal service (peak) load is used to propagate fatigue cracks in the plastically strained region ahead of the crack tip. Crack propagation may not be a reliable source of AE, depending on the alloy and microstructure, the amount (rate) of crack extension, and possibility of brittle fracture in a segment of crack extension.  
5.3 Load increases resulting in significant ductile tearing may produce less emission than expected for the amount of crack growth. Processes that result in more brittle cleavage fractures are more detectable and produce more emission for smaller amounts of flaw growth. These include corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking modes of flaw growth, and would also be more likely in cast or welded structures than in fabricated (forged, rolled, or extruded) structures. Distributed defect structures such as hydrogen embrittlement, or creep cavitation in high temperature steels, may also produce significant emission without evidence of an existing crack-like flaw.  
5.4 Application and relaxation of load can produce secondary mechanically-induced emission that is not related to flaw extension. This includes crack face stiction release on loading—usually evidenced by emission at the same rising load value regardless of peak load; or crack face rubbing on load release as the fracture surfaces come back together.  
5.5 The load rate can be a significant concern as instrumentation can become saturated with AE activity. The ability to differentiate real data from background noise can be compromised.  
5.6 Background noise must be fully investigated and minimized before any AE monitoring can begin.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of structures, such as pressure vessels, piping systems, or other structures that can be stressed by mechanical or thermal means.  
1.2 The basic functions of an AE monitoring system are to detect, locate, and classify emission sources. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used to further evaluate the significance of reported acoustic emission sources.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if an...

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C423-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Sound Absorption and Sound Absorption Coefficients by the Reverberation Room Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measurement of the sound absorption of a room is part of the procedure for other acoustical measurements, such as determining the sound power level of a noise source or the sound transmission loss of a partition. It is also used in certain calculations such as predicting the sound pressure level in a room when the sound power level of a noise source in the room is known.  
5.2 The sound absorption coefficient of a surface is a property of the material composing the surface. It is ideally defined as the fraction of the randomly incident sound power absorbed by the surface, but in this test method it is operationally defined in 4.2. The relationship between the theoretically defined and the operationally measured coefficients is under continuing study.  
5.3 Diffraction effects4 usually cause the apparent area of a specimen to be greater than its geometrical area, thereby increasing the coefficients measured according to this test method. When the test specimen is highly absorptive, these values may exceed unity.  
5.4 The coefficients measured by this test method should be used with caution because not only are the areas encountered in practical usage usually larger than the test specimen, but also the sound field is rarely diffuse. In the laboratory, measurements must be made under reproducible conditions, but in practical usage the conditions that determine the effective absorption are often unpredictable. Regardless of the differences and the necessity for judgment, coefficients measured by this test method have been used successfully by architects and consultants in the acoustical design of architectural spaces.  
5.5 Field Measurements—When sound absorption measurements are made in a building in which the size and shape of the room are not under the operator's control, the approximation to a diffuse sound field is not likely to be very close. This matter should be considered when assessing the accuracy of measurements made under field conditions. (See Te...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of sound absorption in a reverberation room by measuring decay rate. Procedures for measuring the absorption of a room, the absorption of an object, such as an office screen, and the sound absorption coefficients of a specimen of sound absorptive material, such as acoustical ceiling tile, are described.  
1.2 Field Measurements—Although this test method covers laboratory measurements, the test method described in 4.1 can be used for making field measurements of the absorption of rooms (see also 5.5). A method to measure the absorption of rooms in the field is described in Test Method E2235.  
1.3 This test method includes information on laboratory accreditation (see Annex A1), asymmetrical screens (see Annex A2), and reverberation room qualification (see Annex A3).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1574-98(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Sound in Residential Spaces

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is an in situ method, that is, the measurements are made at the actual installation. The sound levels measured according to this test method should be representative for that installation and for the quantity of acoustical absorption actually, permanently present.  
5.2 The test method has the following limitations:  
5.2.1 The test method produces sound data which may be compared with applicable criteria or limits only if they are in terms of the quantities measured in this test method.  
5.2.2 The test method does not quantify certain subjective aspects of the sound environment that may be objectionable. These include pure tones, spectral content, and temporal distribution.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides guidance to the methodology used in the measurement of building interior sound levels.  
1.2 This test method describes procedures for measuring sound in enclosed residential spaces produced by built-in utilities and major appliances such as plumbing, heating, ventilating, air-conditioning systems, refrigerators, and dish washers. The measured values may then be used to assess compliance, design, or habitation suitability.  
1.3 This test method does not promulgate or recommend acoustical criteria.  
1.4 This test method is not intended for obtaining data to evaluate indoor environments for:  
1.4.1 Commercial activities such as studios, communication centers, hospitals, and auditoria, and  
1.4.2 Effects from exterior sources such as aircraft, railroad operations, motor vehicles, mining operation, weapons fire, etc.  
1.5 This test method is not intended for evaluating sound transmission loss, sound absorption coefficient, or any other acoustical aspects of the space or structure.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E336-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Airborne Sound Attenuation between Rooms in Buildings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The main part of this standard uses procedures originally developed for laboratory measurements of the sound transmission loss of partitions. These procedures assume that the rooms in which the measurements are performed have a sound field that reasonably approximates a diffuse field. Sound pressure levels in such rooms are reasonably uniform throughout the room and average levels vary inversely with the logarithm of the room sound absorption. Not all rooms will satisfy these conditions. Experience and controlled studies (1)6 have shown that the test method is applicable to smaller spaces normally used for work or living, such as rooms in multi-family dwellings, hotel guest rooms, meeting rooms, and offices with volumes less than 150 m3. The measures appropriate for such spaces are NR, NNR, and ATL. The corresponding single number ratings are NIC, NNIC and ASTC. The ATL and ASTC are measurable between larger spaces that meet a limitation on absorption in the spaces to provide uniform sound distribution.  
5.2 Annex A1 was developed for use in spaces that are very large (volume of 150 m3 or greater). Sound pressure levels during testing vary markedly across large rooms so that the degree of isolation varies strongly with distance from the common (separating) partition. This procedure evaluates the isolation observed near the partition. The appropriate measure is NR, and the appropriate single number rating is NIC.  
5.3 Several metrics are available for specific uses. Some evaluate the overall sound isolation between spaces including the effect of absorption in the receiving space and some evaluate the performance or apparent performance of the partition being evaluated. The results obtained are applicable only to the specific location tested.  
5.3.1 Noise Reduction (NR) and Noise Isolation Class (NIC)—Describe the sound isolation found between two spaces. Noise reduction data are based on the space- and time averaged sound pressure levels meeting the require...
SCOPE
1.1 The sound isolation between two spaces in a building is influenced most strongly by a combination of the direct transmission through the nominally separating building element (as normally measured in a laboratory) and any transmission along a number of indirect paths, referred to as flanking paths. Fig. 1 illustrates the direct paths (D) and some possible structural flanking paths (F). Additional non-structural flanking paths include transmission through common air ducts between rooms, or doors to the corridor from adjacent rooms. Sound isolation is also influenced by the size of the separating partition between spaces and absorption in the receiving space, and in the case of small spaces by modal behavior of the space and close proximity to surfaces.
FIG. 1 Direct (D) and Some Indirect or Flanking Paths (F and Dotted) in a Building  
1.2 The main part of this test method defines procedures and metrics to assess the sound isolation between two rooms or portions thereof in a building separated by a common partition or the apparent sound insulation of the separating partition, including both direct and flanking transmission paths in all cases. Appropriate measures and their single number ratings are the noise reduction (NR) and noise isolation class (NIC) which indicate the isolation with the receiving room furnished as it is during the test, the normalized noise reduction (NNR) and normalized noise isolation class (NNIC) which indicate the isolation expected if the receiving room was a normally furnished living or office space that is at least 25 m3 (especially useful when the test must be done with the receiving room unfurnished), and the apparent transmission loss (ATL) and apparent sound transmission class (ASTC) which indicate the apparent sound insulating properties of a separating partition including both the direct transmission and flanking transmission through the support structure. The measurement of ATL ...

  • Standard
    18 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    18 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E795-23(Practice)
Standard Practices for Mounting Test Specimens During Sound Absorption Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The sound absorption of a material that covers a flat surface depends not only on the physical properties of the material but also on the way in which the material is mounted over the surface. The mountings specified in these practices are intended to simulate in the laboratory conditions that exist in normal use.  
4.2 Some of the specified mountings require special fixtures or minor deviations from normal practice. These fixtures or deviations are to be used only during laboratory tests and should not be specified for practical installations. They are noted in the specifications for the mountings in question by the phrase “for laboratory testing only.”  
4.3 Test reports may refer to these mountings by type designation instead of providing a detailed description of the mounting used.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover test specimen mountings to be used during sound absorption tests performed in accordance with Test Method C423.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E3100-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Concrete Structures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Real-time detection and assessment of cracks and other flaws in concrete structures is of great importance. A number of methods have been developed and standardized in recent decades for non-destructive evaluation of concrete structures as well as methods for in-place evaluation of concrete properties. Review of some of these methods can be found in ACI 228.2R-13, ACI 228.1R-03, and ACI 437R-03. They include visual inspection, stress-wave methods such as impact echo, pulse velocity, impulse response, nuclear methods, active and passive infrared thermography, ground-penetrating radar and others. These methods in most of the cases are not used for overall inspection of the concrete structure due to limited accessibility, significant thickness of concrete components, or other reasons and are not applied for continuous long-term monitoring. Further, these methods cannot be utilized for estimation of flaw propagation rate or evaluation of flaw sensitivity to operational level loads or environmental changes, or both.  
5.2 In addition to the previously mentioned non-destructive tests methods, vibration, displacement, tilt, shock, strain monitoring, and other methods have been applied to monitor, periodically or continuously, various factors that can affect the integrity of concrete structures during operation. However, these methods monitor risk factors that are not necessarily associated with actual damage accumulation in the monitored structures.  
5.3 Monitoring the opening or elongation of existing cracks can be performed as well using different technologies. These may include moving scales (Fig. 1), vibrating wire, draw wire, or other crack opening displacement meters, optical and digital microscopes, strain gages, or visual assessment. However, this type of monitoring is only applicable to surface cracks and requires long monitoring periods.
FIG. 1 Moving Scale Crack Opening Monitor  
5.4 This guide is meant to be used for development of acoustic emission a...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the application of acoustic emission (AE) technology for examination of concrete and reinforced concrete structures during or after construction, or in service.  
1.2 Structures under consideration include but are not limited to buildings, bridges, hydraulic structures, tunnels, decks, pre/post-tensioned (PT) structures, piers, nuclear containment units, storage tanks, and associated structural elements.  
1.3 AE examinations may be conducted periodically (short-term) or monitored continuously (long-term), under normal service conditions or under specially designed loading procedures. Examples of typical examinations are the detection of growing cracks in structures or their elements under normal service conditions or during controlled load testing, long term monitoring of pre-stressed cables, and establishing safe operational loads.  
1.4 AE examination results are achieved through detection, location, and characterization of active AE sources within concrete and reinforced concrete. Such sources include micro- and macro-crack development in concrete due to loading scenarios such as fatigue, overload, settlement, impact, seismicity, fire and explosion, and also environmental effects such as temperature gradients and internal or external chemical attack (such as sulfate attack and alkali-silica reaction) or radiation. Other AE source mechanisms include corrosion of rebar or other metal parts, corrosion and rupture of cables in pre-stressed concrete, as well as friction due to structural movement or instability, or both.  
1.5 This guide discusses selection of the AE apparatus, setup, system performance verification, detection and processing of concrete damage related AE activity. The guide also provides approaches that may be used in analysis and interpretation of acoustic emission data, assessment of examination results and establishing accept/reject criteria.  
1.6 Units—The values stated ...

  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C522-03(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Airflow Resistance of Acoustical Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The specific airflow resistance of an acoustical material is one of the properties that determine its sound-absorptive and sound-transmitting properties. Measurement of specific airflow resistance is useful during product development, for quality control during manufacture, and for specification purposes.  
5.2 Valid measurements are made only in the region of laminar airflow where, aside from random measurement errors, the airflow resistance (R = P/U) is constant. When the airflow is turbulent, the apparent airflow resistance increases with an increase of volume velocity and the term “airflow resistance” does not apply.  
5.3 The specific airflow resistance measured by this test method may differ from the specific resistance measured by the impedance tube method in Test Method E384 for two reasons. In the presence of sound, the particle velocity inside a porous material is alternating while in this test method, the velocity is constant and in one direction only. Also, the particle velocity inside a porous material is not the same as the linear velocity measured outside the specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of airflow resistance and the related measurements of specific airflow resistance and airflow resistivity of porous materials that can be used for the absorption and attenuation of sound. Materials cover a range from thick boards or blankets to thin mats, fabrics, papers, and screens. When the material is anisotropic, provision is made for measurements along different axes of the specimen.  
1.2 This test method is designed for the measurement of values of specific airflow resistance ranging from 100 to 10 000 mks rayls (Pa·s/m) with linear airflow velocities ranging from 0.5 mm/s to 50 mm/s and pressure differences across the specimen ranging from 0.1 Pa to 250 Pa. The upper limit of this range of linear airflow velocities is a point at which the airflow through most porous materials is in partial or complete transition from laminar to turbulent flow.  
1.3 A procedure for accrediting a laboratory for the purposes of this test method is given in Annex A1.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Table 1 is provided for user to convert into cgs units.    
cgs acoustic ohm  
mks acoustic ohm (Pa·s/m3)  
105  
cgs rayl  
mks rayl (Pa·s/m)  
10    
cgs rayl/cm  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
103  
cgs rayl/in.  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
394  
mks rayl/in.  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
39.4  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C634-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Building and Environmental Acoustics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Definitions—Terms and related definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in all building and environmental acoustic test standards in which they appear.  
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to Each Standard:  
3.2.1 As indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitions are intended to provide a precise understanding and interpretation of the building and environmental acoustic test standards in which they appear.  
3.2.2 A specific definition of a given term is applicable to the standard or standards in which the term is described and used.  
3.2.3 Different definitions of the same term are acceptable provided each one is consistent with and is not in conflict with the standard definition for the same term, that is, the general concept the term describes.  
3.2.4 If a standard under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 specially defines a term, i.e. provides a definition different in any way from what is given in Section 4 of Terminology C634, that standard shall list the term and its description under the subheading, Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—The mandatory language of section 3.2.4 is consistent with the mandatory language from §E2 of Form and Style for ASTM Standards (April 2020) and with the ASTM Committee E33 bylaws in place when this standard was published; it reflects a situation that exists, it does not prescribe anything.  
3.3 Definitions for some terms associated with building and environmental acoustic issues and not included in Terminology C634 are found in ISO/TR 25417 or IEEE P260.4. When discrepancies exist, the definition in Terminology C634 shall prevail.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, and descriptions of terms used or likely to be used in building and environmental acoustics standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose definitions that are consistent with the standard definitions but are written to ensure that a specific building and environmental acoustics standard is properly understood and precisely interpreted. The primary focus of this document is upon terms, definitions and descriptions found within standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33; however, terms, definitions and descriptions that are of general interest to the field of acoustics are also included.  
1.2 This building and environmental acoustics standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    31 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    31 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off