ASTM E1728/E1728M-24

Standard Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of settled dust samples in and around buildings and related structures for the subsequent determination of lead content in a manner consistent with that described in the HUD Guidelines and 40 CFR 745.63. The practice is meant for use in the collection of settled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazard assessment, risk assessment, and other purposes.  
5.2 Use of different pressures applied to the sampled surface along with the use of different wiping patterns contribute to collection variability. Thus, the sampling result can vary between operators performing collection from identical surfaces as a result of collection variables. Collection for any group of sampling locations at a given sampling site is best when limited to a single operator.  
5.3 This practice is recommended for the collection of settled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth, nonporous surfaces. This practice is less effective for collecting settled dust samples from surfaces with substantial texture such as rough concrete, brickwork, textured ceilings, and soft fibrous surfaces such as upholstery and carpeting.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled lead-containing dust on surfaces using the wipe sampling method. These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent extraction (see Practices E1644 and E1979) and determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such as atomic spectrometry (see Test Methods E3193/E3193M and E3203). For collection of settled dust samples for determination of lead and other metals, use Practice D6966.  
1.2 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the number and location of samples) that are used for clearance (see Practices E2271/E2271M and E3074/E3074M), lead hazard evaluation, or risk assessment (see Guide E2115), and other purposes. To provide for valid conclusions, sufficient numbers of samples should be obtained as directed by a sampling plan.  
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 29-Feb-2024
• ICS: 13.080.05 - Examination of soils in general
• Technical Committee: D22 - Air Quality
• Drafting Committee: D22.12 - Sampling and Analysis of Lead for Exposure and Risk Assessment

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1728/E1728M-20 - Standard Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determination
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM E3074/E3074M-24 - Standard Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Single Family Dwellings, in Individual Units of Multifamily Dwellings, and in Other Child-Occupied Facilities
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2024
• Refers: ASTM E1792-24 - Standard Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2024
• Refers: ASTM E2239-24 - Standard Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservation for Lead Hazard Activities
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM E2239-20 - Standard Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservation for Lead Hazard Activities
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2020
• Refers: ASTM E1792-20 - Standard Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2020
• Referred By: ASTM E2115-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and of Other Child-Occupied Facilities
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM E1644-21 - Standard Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust Wipe Samples for the Determination of Lead
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D7659-21 - Standard Guide for Strategies for Surface Sampling of Metals and Metalloids for Worker Protection
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM E3074/E3074M-20 - Standard Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Single Family Dwellings, in Individual Units of Multifamily Dwellings, and in Other Child-Occupied Facilities
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM E1775-20 - Standard Guide for Evaluating Performance of On-Site Extraction and Field-Portable Electrochemical or Spectrophotometric Analysis for Lead
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Referred By: ASTM E2271/E2271M-22 - Standard Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Multifamily Dwellings
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024

Overview

ASTM E1728/E1728M-24 sets forth standard practices for the collection of settled dust samples using wipe sampling methods for subsequent laboratory determination of lead content. Developed by ASTM, this international standard is aligned with regulatory frameworks such as the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Guidelines and the EPA’s 40 CFR 745.63. The procedure supports accurate lead hazard analysis in a variety of settings, including clearance and risk assessment activities around buildings and related structures.

Key Topics

• Purpose and Scope:

  • Designed for the collection of settled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth, nonporous surfaces for later laboratory analysis of lead content.
  • Wipe samples are collected in a standardized manner to facilitate subsequent extraction and quantification methods, such as atomic spectrometry.
  • Sampling design criteria, such as number and location of samples, are outside the scope of this standard and should be guided by the specific assessment purpose (clearance, hazard evaluation, etc.).

• Sampling Variability:

  • Variability in collection can occur due to differences in pressure and wiping patterns among operators.
  • Best practice recommends that a single trained operator collect all samples at a given site to minimize variability.

• Limitations:

  • The standard is most effective for smooth, nonporous surfaces and less effective for textured or fibrous surfaces like brick, concrete, upholstery, or carpeting.

• Safety and Documentation:

  • Users must adhere to relevant safety, health, and environmental requirements.
  • Adequate documentation and chain-of-custody procedures are essential for traceability and validity.

Applications

• Lead Clearance Testing:
  Applied after lead hazard reduction activities to confirm that lead-contaminated dust has been adequately removed from surfaces in residential or commercial buildings.

• Risk Assessments:
  Utilized by lead professionals, inspectors, and remediation teams to determine the presence and extent of lead-based hazards in environments such as schools, childcare facilities, and homes.

• Hazard Assessments:
  Supports the identification of lead exposure sources during environmental site assessments and building audits, helping property owners and managers mitigate health risks associated with lead dust.

• Compliance and Regulatory Reporting:
  Ensures that sampling aligns with requirements set forth by HUD, EPA, and local authorities, providing defensible results for legal and compliance purposes.

Related Standards

• Sampling and Analysis:

  • ASTM E1644 and E1979: Procedures for extraction of samples collected using wipe methods.
  • ASTM E3193/E3193M, E3203: Laboratory analysis of lead content using atomic spectrometry.

• Sampling Plan and Risk Assessment:

  • ASTM E2271/E2271M, E3074/E3074M: Guidance on sampling designs for clearance and hazard evaluation.
  • ASTM E2115: Guide for conducting comprehensive lead hazard assessments.

• Materials and Handling:

  • ASTM E1792: Specification for wipe sampling materials.
  • ASTM D4840: Chain-of-custody procedures for sample handling.
  • ASTM D6966: Procedures for collection of settled dust samples for metals other than lead.

• Accreditation and Quality:

  • ISO/IEC 17025: General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.

Practical Value

Implementing ASTM E1728/E1728M-24 ensures standardized, reliable, and repeatable procedures for collecting wipe samples of settled dust. It enhances the credibility and defensibility of lead hazard assessments by reducing operator error and providing clear documentation practices. This standard supports health and safety in built environments by enabling accurate lead detection, facilitating prompt remediation, and assuring regulatory compliance.

Keywords: ASTM E1728/E1728M, wipe sampling, lead dust collection, settled dust, lead determination, clearance testing, risk assessment, environmental sampling, HUD Guidelines, EPA 40 CFR 745.63.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1728/E1728M − 24
Standard Practice for
Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling
Methods for Subsequent Lead Determination
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1728/E1728M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled lead-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
containing dust on surfaces using the wipe sampling method.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
These samples are collected in a manner that will permit
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
subsequent extraction (see Practices E1644 and E1979) and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such
as atomic spectrometry (see Test Methods E3193/E3193M and
2. Referenced Documents
E3203). For collection of settled dust samples for determina- 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion of lead and other metals, use Practice D6966.
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
1.2 This practice does not address the sampling design Atmospheres
criteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the number and
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
location of samples) that are used for clearance (see Practices D6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples
E2271/E2271M and E3074/E3074M), lead hazard evaluation,
Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determi-
or risk assessment (see Guide E2115), and other purposes. To nation of Metals
provide for valid conclusions, sufficient numbers of samples
E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
should be obtained as directed by a sampling plan. E1644 Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust Wipe
Samples for the Determination of Lead
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are
E1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead
not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.
in Surface Dust
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
E1979 Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Paint, Dust,
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Soil, and Air Samples for Subsequent Determination of
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
Lead
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
E2115 Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of
used independently of the other, and values from the two
Dwellings and of Other Child-Occupied Facilities
systems shall not be combined.
E2271/E2271M Practice for Clearance Examinations Fol-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the lowing Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Multifamily
Dwellings
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- E2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservation
for Lead Hazard Activities
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. E2913/E2913M Practice for Hotplate Digestion of Lead
from Composited Wipe Samples
E2914/E2914M Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Lead
from Composited Wipe Samples
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.12 on Sampling and Analysis
of Lead for Exposure and Risk Assessment. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E1728/E1728M – 20. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E1728_E1728M-24. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1728/E1728M − 24
E3074/E3074M Practice for Clearance Examinations Fol- 4. Summary of Practice
lowing Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Single Fam-
4.1 Wipe samples of settled dust are collected on surfaces
ily Dwellings, in Individual Units of Multifamily
from areas of known dimensions with wipes meeting Specifi-
Dwellings, and in Other Child-Occupied Facilities
cation E1792, using a specified pattern of wiping.
E3193/E3193M Test Method for Measurement of Lead (Pb)
4.2 The collected wipes are then ready for subsequent
by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS)
sample preparation and analysis by procedures such as Prac-
E3203 Test Method for Determination of Lead in Dried
tices E1644, E1979, E2913/E2913M, and E2914/E2914M, and
Paint, Soil, and Wipe Samples by Inductively Coupled
Test Methods E3193/E3193M and E3203.
Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulations:
5. Significance and Use
40 CFR 745.63 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Fed-
5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of settled dust
eral Register, Vol 66, No. 4, 5 Jan. 2001, p. 1206
samples in and around buildings and related structures for the
2.3 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
subsequent determination of lead content in a manner consis-
Guidance:
tent with that described in the HUD Guidelines and
HUD Guidelines Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control
40 CFR 745.63. The practice is meant for use in the collection
of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing
of settled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazard
2.4 International Standards:
assessment, risk assessment, and other purposes.
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence
5.2 Use of different pressures applied to the sampled surface
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
along with the use of different wiping patterns contribute to
collection variability. Thus, the sampling result can vary
3. Terminology
between operators performing collection from identical sur-
3.1 For definitions of terms not listed here, see Terminolo-
faces as a result of collection variables. Collection for any
gies D1356 or E1605.
group of sampling locations at a given sampling site is best
3.2 Definitions: when limited to a single operator.
3.2.1 batch, n—a group of field or quality control (QC)
5.3 This practice is recommended for the collection of
samples that are collected or processed together at the same
settled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth, nonporous
time using the same reagents and equipment.
surfaces. This practice is less effective for collecting settled
3.2.2 sampling location, n—a specific area within a sam-
dust samples from surfaces with substantial texture such as
pling site that is subjected to sample collection. rough concrete, brickwork, textured ceilings, and soft fibrous
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Multiple sampling locations are com-
surfaces such as upholstery and carpeting.
monly designated for a single sampling site.
6. Apparatus and Materials
3.2.3 sampling site, n—a local geographic area that contains
6.1 Sampling Templates—One or more of the following: A
the sampling locations.
10 cm by 10 cm [12 in. by 12 in.] reusable aluminum or plastic,
3.2.3.1 Discussion—A sampling site is generally limited to
or disposable cardboard or plastic template, (full-square,
an area that is easily covered by walking.
rectangular, square “U-shaped,” rectangular “U-shaped,” and
3.2.4 wipe, n—a disposable towellette that is moistened with
“L-shaped”) or templates of alternative areas having accurately
a wetting agent. E1792
known dimensions.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—These towellettes are used to collect a
sample of settled dust on a surface for subsequent lead NOTE 1—For most surfaces, it is recommended to collect settled dust
2 2
from a minimum of a 100 cm [1 ft ] area to provide sufficient material for
analysis.
6 2 2
laboratory analysis. However, areas larger than 100 cm [1 ft ] may be
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
appropriate for surfaces having little or no visible settled dust, and a
3.3.1 field blank, n—a wipe that is exposed to the same smaller sampling area may be appropriate for surfaces with very high
levels of visible settled dust.
handling as field samples except that no sample is collected
NOTE 2—Templates should be capable of lying flat on a surface.
because no surface is actually wiped.
3.3.1.1 Discussion—Analysis results from field blanks pro- 6.2 Wipes, meeting Specification E1792.
vide information on the analyte background level in the wipe
6.3 Sample containers, resealable, rigid-walled, 50 mL
combined with the potential contamination experienced by
minimum volume.
samples collected within the batch resulting from handling.
NOTE 3—Screw-top plastic centrifuge tubes or plastic bottles are
examples of suitable rigid-walled sample containers.
NOTE 4—Use of a resealable plastic bag for holding and transporting
the settled dust wipe sample is not recommended due to the potential
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William
losses of settled dust within the plastic bag during transportation and
Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
http://www.epa.gov.
Available from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 7th
Street S.W., Washington, DC 20410, https://www.hud.gov. Sussell, A., Hart, C., Wild, D, and Ashley, K., “An Evaluation of Worker Lead
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Exposures and Cleaning Effectiveness During Removal of Deteriorated Lead-Based
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Paint,” Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol 14, 1999, pp.
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org. 177–185.
E1728/E1728M − 24
laboratory handling. Quantitative removal and processing of the settled NOTE 8—The inside edges of the template are the edges nearest to
dust wipe sample by the laboratory is significantly improved through the where the sample is to be collected when the template is placed on the
use of resealable rigid-walled containers. sampling surface.
NOTE 9—Tape may be used to demarcate the sampling area by using a
6.4 Measuring tool, tape or ruler, capable of measuring to
measuring tool, tape or ruler, to determine the dimensions of the sampling
the nearest 1 mm [ ⁄16 in.].
area thus outlined using the tape.
6.5 Plastic gloves, powderless
7.1.1.6 Carefully place a clean template on the surface to be
sampled in a manner that minimizes disturbance of settled dust
6.6 Cleaning cloths, for cleaning templates and other equip-
at the sampling location. Tape the outside edge of the template
ment.
to prevent the template from moving during sample collection.
NOTE 5—Wipes used for dust sampling can be used for cleaning
templates and other sampling equipment, but other cleaning cloths or 7.1.1.7 Obtain a packaged wipe meeting Specification
wipes not meeting the specifications of Specification E1792 may be
E1792. Holding the packaged wipe in your hand, use a clean,
suitable for this purpose. Unscented baby wipes with little or no lanolin
unused cleaning cloth to clean the hand and the wipe package
and fragrances work well. Unscented baby wipes rolled in a canister seem
by beginning at the heel of the hand, wiping around and up the
to be easier to handle than Z-fold towelettes packaged to pop-up like a
thumb, then between the fingers, wiping the fronts and insides
facial tissue when one is removed.
of each digit. Continue over all digits and then to the palm, then
6.7 Tape, suitable for securing the template(s) to the sur-
between the thumb and finger over the back of the fingers.
face(s) to be sampled, and for demarcating sampling areas
Finish off by wiping the sampling wipe package overall. Fold
where templates cannot be used.
the cleaning cloth in half and shift it to the now c
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1728/E1728M − 20 E1728/E1728M − 24
Standard Practice for
Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling
Methods for Subsequent Lead Determination
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1728/E1728M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled lead-containing dust on surfaces using the wipe sampling method. These samples
are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent extraction (see Practices E1644 and E1979) and determination of lead using
laboratory analysis techniques such as atomic spectrometry (see Test Methods E3193/E3193M and E3203) or electroanalysis (see
Practice E2051). For collection of settled dust samples for determination of lead and other metals, use Practice D6966.
1.2 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the number and location of
samples) that are used for clearance (see Practices E2271/E2271M and E3074/E3074M), lead hazard evaluation, or risk assessment
(see Guide E2115), and other purposes. To provide for valid conclusions, sufficient numbers of samples should be obtained as
directed by a sampling plan.
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
D6966 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determination of Metals
E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.12 on Sampling and Analysis, of
Lead,Analysis of Lead for Exposure and Risk Assessment.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2020March 1, 2024. Published January 2020March 2024. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20162020 as
E1728E1728/E1728M – 16. DOI: 10.1520/E1728_E1728M-20.20. DOI: 10.1520/E1728_E1728M-24.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1728/E1728M − 24
E1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES),
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) Techniques
(Withdrawn 2021)
E1644 Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust Wipe Samples for the Determination of Lead
E1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust
E1979 Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Paint, Dust, Soil, and Air Samples for Subsequent Determination of Lead
E2051 Practice for the Determination of Lead in Paint, Settled Dust, Soil and Air Particulate by Field-Portable Electroanalysis
(Withdrawn 2010)
E2115 Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and of Other Child-Occupied Facilities
E2271/E2271M Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Multifamily Dwellings
E2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservation for Lead Hazard Activities
E2913/E2913M Practice for Hotplate Digestion of Lead from Composited Wipe Samples
E2914/E2914M Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Lead from Composited Wipe Samples
E1728/E1728M − 24
E3074/E3074M Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Single Family Dwellings,
in Individual Units of Multifamily Dwellings, and in Other Child-Occupied Facilities
E3193/E3193M Test Method for Measurement of Lead (Pb) by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS)
E3203 Test Method for Determination of Lead in Dried Paint, Soil, and Wipe Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical
Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulations:
40 CFR 745.63 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Federal Register, Vol 66, No. 4, 5 Jan. 2001, p. 1206
2.3 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Guidance:
HUD Guidelines Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing
2.4 International Standards:
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms not listed here, see Terminologies D1356 or E1605.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 batch, n—a group of field or quality control (QC) samples that are collected or processed together at the same time using
the same reagents and equipment.
3.2.2 sampling location, n—a specific area within a sampling site that is subjected to sample collection.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
Multiple sampling locations are commonly designated for a single sampling site.
3.2.3 sampling site, n—a local geographic area that contains the sampling locations.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
A sampling site is generally limited to an area that is easily covered by walking.
3.2.4 wipe, n—a disposable towellette that is moistened with a wetting agent. E1792
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
These towellettes are used to collect a sample of settled dust on a surface for subsequent lead analysis.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.3.1 field blank, n—a wipe that is exposed to the same handling as field samples except that no sample is collected (no because
no surface is actually wiped).wiped.
3.3.1.1 Discussion—
Analysis results from field blanks provide information on the analyte background level in the wipe combined with the potential
contamination experienced by samples collected within the batch resulting from handling.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Wipe samples of settled dust are collected on surfaces from areas of known dimensions with wipes meeting Specification
E1792, using a specified pattern of wiping.
4.2 The collected wipes are then ready for subsequent sample preparation and analysis by procedures such as PracticePractices
E1644, Practice E1979, Practice E2051E2913/E2913M, Test Method and E1613E2914/E2914M, Practice and Test Methods
E3074/E3074ME3193/E3193M, and Test Method E3203.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of settled dust samples in and around buildings and related structures for the
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
http://www.epa.gov.
Available from U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 7th Street S.W., Washington, DC 20410, https://www.hud.gov.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
E1728/E1728M − 24
subsequent determination of lead content in a manner consistent with that described in the HUD Guidelines and 40 CFR 745.63.
The practice is meant for use in the collection of settled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazard assessment, risk
assessment, and other purposes.
5.2 Use of different pressures applied to the sampled surface along with the use of different wiping patterns contribute to collection
variability. Thus, the sampling result can vary between operators performing collection from identical surfaces as a result of
collection variables. Collection for any group of sampling locations at a given sampling site is best when limited to a single
operator.
5.3 This practice is recommended for the collection of settled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth, nonporous surfaces. This
practice is less effective for collecting settled dust samples from surfaces with substantial texture such as rough concrete,
brickwork, textured ceilings, and soft fibrous surfaces such as upholstery and carpeting.
6. Apparatus and Materials
6.1 Sampling Templates—One or more of the following: A 1010 cm by 10 cm [12[12 in. by 12 in.] reusable aluminum or plastic,
or disposable cardboard or plastic template, (full-square, rectangular, square “U-shaped,” rectangular “U-shaped,” and “L-shaped”)
or templates of alternative areas having accurately known dimensions.
2 2
NOTE 1—For most surfaces, it is recommended to collect settled dust from a minimum of a 100 cm [1 ft ] area to provide sufficient material for laboratory
6 2 2
analysis. However, areas larger than 100 cm [1 ft ] may be appropriate for surfaces having little or no visible settled dust, and a smaller sampling area
may be appropriate for surfaces with very high levels of visible settled dust.
NOTE 2—Templates should be capable of lying flat on a surface.
6.2 Wipes, meeting Specification E1792.
6.3 Sample containers, resealable, rigid-walled, 50-mL50 mL minimum volume.
NOTE 3—Screw-top plastic centrifuge tubes or plastic bottles are examples of suitable rigid-walled sample containers.
NOTE 4—Use of a resealable plastic bag for holding and transporting the settled dust wipe sample is not recommended due to the potential losses of settled
dust within the plastic bag during transportation and laboratory handling. Quantitative removal and processing of the settled dust wipe sample by the
laboratory is significantly improved through the use of resealable rigid-walled containers.
6.4 Measuring tool, tape or ruler, capable of measuring to the nearest 1 mm [ ⁄16 in.].
6.5 Plastic gloves, powderless
6.6 Cleaning cloths, for cleaning of templates and other equipment.
NOTE 5—Wipes used for dust sampling can be used for cleaning templates and other sampling equipment, but other cleaning cloths or wipes not meeting
the specifications of Specification E1792 may be suitable for this purpose. Unscented baby wipes with little or no lanolin and fragrances work well.
Unscented baby wipes rolled in a canister seem to be easier to handle than Z-fold towelettes packaged to pop-up like a facial tissue when one is removed.
6.7 Tape, suitable for securing the template(s) to the surface(s) to be sampled, and for demarcating sampling areas where templates
cannot be used.
NOTE 6—Blue painter’s tape or masking tape function well for these purposes. Duct or adhesive tapes may damage the surface when removed.
6.8 Trash bag, plastic, large enough to hold the waste generated during sampling.
6.9 Waterproof marker, to be used to mark the collected sample container(s).
Sussell, A., Hart, C., Wild, D, and Ashley, K., “An Evaluation of Worker Lead Exposures and Cleaning Effectiveness During Removal of Deteriorated Lead-Based Paint,”
Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol 14, 1999, pp. 177–185.
E1728/E1728M − 24
6.10 Pen and paper or electronic data logger, to record field information and data.
6.11 Camera or equivalent, optional, to visually document and record field activities and locations.
6.12 Disposable shoe covers, optional.
7. Procedure
7.1 Use the following procedure for collecting settled dust samples from each sampling location. For wide, flat locations, use the
template-assisted sampling procedure. For small confined area locations (for example, a window sill or door jamb), use tape to
delineate the sampling area.area to sample as much of
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