ASTM E1605-04(2012)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
Standard Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this terminology standard is to help users understand and apply the large number of specialized terms used in connection with the management of lead hazards by providing a single, comprehensive, and consistent terminology.
This terminology standard includes some terms that may be encountered, but whose use is discouraged. They are included for clarification and in order to provide the user with preferred existing alternate terms.
Architectural terms for individual building components are included to promote consistency of usage and to help ensure that sampling locations are recorded with sufficient accuracy to allow independent confirmation of lead measurements, if necessary.
A discussion is attached to certain definitions to help make the definition clear or to show how the term and its definition are related to other terms.
Terms and definitions in this terminology standard are based upon laws, regulations, and practices in the United States.
Some of the definitions in this terminology standard are adopted verbatim or are adapted from definitions that are formally stated or implied in laws and regulations. They are not intended to replace the latter definitions. The user is responsible for understanding legal definitions and for ensuring that the legal obligations that are encompassed by them are fully satisfied.
Users in other countries should refer to applicable national, regional, and local laws, regulations, and practices.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers definitions for the following:
1.1.1 Terms that are commonly used in the field of management of lead hazards in facilities;
1.1.2 Architectural terms, particularly those associated with older wood-frame buildings; and,
1.1.3 Specialized terms that may be encountered by users in reports and notices that are generated during lead hazard management activities.
1.2 This terminology standard is supplementary to Terminology E631.
1.3 Definitions adopted or derived from other documents include the following:
1.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard are adopted as exact copies from other sources. The source is briefly identified at the right margin following the definition and fully identified in Section 2.
1.3.2 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard are adapted from other sources. Changes in these definitions were made only to clarify the meaning, to incorporate related terms that also are defined in this terminology standard, or to ensure that the revised definition is consistent with those for related terms. The source is briefly identified with the words “adapted” at the right margin following the definition, and is fully identified in Section 2.
1.4 Terms within the definitions that are shown in boldface are defined in this terminology standard.
1.5 This terminology standard excludes the following:
1.5.1 Terms with a common dictionary meaning, except in cases where there is a specialized definition within the field of lead hazard management.
1.5.2 Terms that are used only in individual ASTM standards in which they are defined adequately, whether formally or by the context in which they appear.
General Information
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E1605 − 04 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Lead in Buildings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1605; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This terminology standard covers definitions for the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
following: C186 Test Method for Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic
Cement
1.1.1 Terms that are commonly used in the field of manage-
ment of lead hazards in facilities; C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
1.1.2 Architectural terms, particularly those associated with
older wood-frame buildings; and, Applications
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
1.1.3 Specialized terms that may be encountered by users in
D661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of
reports and notices that are generated during lead hazard
Exterior Paints
management activities.
D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal-
1.2 This terminology standard is supplementary to Termi-
ing) of Exterior Paints
nology E631.
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
1.3 Definitions adopted or derived from other documents
D2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liq-
include the following:
uids and Gases
1.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard
D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking
are adopted as exact copies from other sources. The source is
of Exterior Paint Films
briefly identified at the right margin following the definition
D4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating and
and fully identified in Section 2.
Lining Work for Power Generation Facilities
1.3.2 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
are adapted from other sources. Changes in these definitions
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
were made only to clarify the meaning, to incorporate related
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
terms that also are defined in this terminology standard, or to
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
ensure that the revised definition is consistent with those for
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
related terms. The source is briefly identified with the words
etry
“adapted” at the right margin following the definition, and is
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
fully identified in Section 2.
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to
1.4 Terms within the definitions that are shown in boldface
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived
are defined in this terminology standard.
Fuel (Withdrawn 2011)
1.5 This terminology standard excludes the following:
E1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment
1.5.1 Terms with a common dictionary meaning, except in 3
(Withdrawn 2006)
cases where there is a specialized definition within the field of
E1227 Terminology for ChemicalAnalysis of Metals (With-
lead hazard management.
drawn 1991)
1.5.2 Terms that are used only in individual ASTM stan-
E1553 Practice for Collection of Airborne Particulate Lead
dards in which they are defined adequately, whether formally
During Abatement and Construction Activities (With-
or by the context in which they appear. 3
drawn 2002)
1 2
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
on Lead Hazards Associated with Buildings. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 15, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1605 – 04. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E1605-04R12. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1605 − 04 (2012)
E1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc- used in connection with the management of lead hazards by
tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry providingasingle,comprehensive,andconsistentterminology.
(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 3.1.1 This terminology standard includes some terms that
(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec- may be encountered, but whose use is discouraged. They are
trometry (GFAAS) Techniques included for clarification and in order to provide the user with
E1644 Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust Wipe preferred existing alternate terms.
Samples for the Determination of Lead 3.1.2 Architectural terms for individual building compo-
E1728 PracticeforCollectionofSettledDustSamplesUsing nents are included to promote consistency of usage and to help
Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determi- ensure that sampling locations are recorded with sufficient
nation accuracy to allow independent confirmation of lead
E1777 Guide for Prioritization of Data Needs for Pavement measurements, if necessary.
Management
3.2 A discussion is attached to certain definitions to help
E1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead
make the definition clear or to show how the term and its
in Surface Dust
definition are related to other terms.
E1796 Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid Coating
3.3 Terms and definitions in this terminology standard are
Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
based upon laws, regulations, and practices in the United
E1908 Guide for Sample Selection of Debris Waste from a
States.
Building Renovation or Lead Abatement Project for Tox-
3.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard
icity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Testing
are adopted verbatim or are adapted from definitions that are
for Leachable Lead (Pb)
formallystatedorimpliedinlawsandregulations.Theyarenot
E1914 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Develop-
intended to replace the latter definitions. The user is respon-
ment and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical Analysis
sible for understanding legal definitions and for ensuring that
E1979 Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Paint, Dust,
the legal obligations that are encompassed by them are fully
Soil, and Air Samples for Subsequent Determination of
satisfied.
Lead
3.3.2 Users in other countries should refer to applicable
E2052 Guide for Evaluation, Management, and Control of
national, regional, and local laws, regulations, and practices.
Lead Hazards in Facilities (Withdrawn 2008)
E2239 PracticeforRecordKeepingandRecordPreservation
4. Terminology
for Lead Hazard Activities
E2255 Practice for Conducting VisualAssessments for Lead
abrasion resistance (coatings)—ability of a coating to resist
Hazards in Buildings (Withdrawn 2013)
being worn away and to maintain its original appearance,
E2271 Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead
integrity, and structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping,
Hazard Reduction Activities in Dwellings, and in Other
or wear.
Child-Occupied Facilities
accessible surface—interior or exterior surface (usually up to
F141 Terminology Relating to Resilient Floor Coverings
5 ft (1.5 m) from floor or ground) that is accessible for a
F221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and Inked
young child to mouth or chew. See also chewable surface.
Ribbon Products and Images Made Therefrom
F1156 Terminology Relating to Product Counterfeit Protec-
accreditation, n—Official authorization, approval, or recogni-
tion Systems (Withdrawn 2001)
tion accorded an individual or organization based upon
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
specific qualifications. E631
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the International
System of Units (SI), the Modernized Metric System accuracy, n—theclosenessoftheagreementbetweentheresult
of a measurement and a true value of the quantity that is
2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:
40 CFR 261 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste being measured. adapted from draft ISO VIM, Interna-
tional Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms
40 CFR 745.223 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in
Certain Residential Structures-Definitions
action level, n—a level of a contaminant in a medium at or
2.3 ISO Standards:
above which activities to control the level are initiated.
ISO 9000–2000 Quality Management Systems — Funda-
DISCUSSION—The action level may be a maximum allowable level, as
mentals and Vocabulary
in the definition of lead-containing paint. In other cases, it is defined as
belowamaximumallowablelevel,andusedasawarningtopreventthe
3. Significance and Use
latterfrombeingexceeded.AnexampleistheactionlevelintheOSHA
lead standard.
3.1 Thepurposeofthisterminologystandardistohelpusers
understand and apply the large number of specialized terms
administrative controls—Administrative measures that are
used to control occupational exposures to hazards.
DISCUSSION—The most commonly-used administrative controls are
AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
jobassignmentsandjobrotationsthataredesignedtolimittheduration
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
of worker exposure.Another administrative control is purchase control
www.access.gpo.gov.
to ensure the use of materials and equipment which produce the least
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org. amount of hazard.
E1605 − 04 (2012)
DISCUSSION—Blood lead levels are associated with the risk and
administrative removal—(of workers), temporary removal of
severity of toxic effects.
workers from a job site prior to blood-lead levels reaching
values requiring medical removal.
calibration curve—graphical or mathematical representation
ofarelationbetweenameasuredparameterandapropertyof
analyte, n—chemical or element that is the subject of the
the standard for the substance under consideration. C859
testing or measurement in a sampling and analytical
procedure, for example, lead in paint.
calibration standard—solutionsofknown analyteconcentra-
tion used to calibrate instruments. E1613
anodic stripping voltammetry—an electroanalytical tech-
DISCUSSION—Calibration standards must be matrix matched to the
nique in which the concentration of a metal species analyte
acid content present in sample digestates or extracts and must be
(such as lead) in a solution is determined by deposition (by
measured prior to analyzing samples.
reduction) on an electrode, then stripping from it (by
certification—the process of testing and evaluating against
oxidation). The peak electrical current is measured during
certain specifications the competence of a person,
stripping, and is proportional to the original metal concen-
organization, or other entity in performing a function or
tration.
service, usually for a specified period of time. HUD Guide-
DISCUSSION—Commercial equipment is available to perform this
lines
method in the field as well as in fixed-site laboratories.
Certified Reference Material (CRM)—a reference material
Apparent Lead Concentration (ALC)—The X-ray fluores-
accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property
cence(XRF)readingoraverageofmorethanonereadingon
values are certified by a procedure that establishes its
a painted surface, not corrected for the substrate.
traceability to an accurate realization of the unit in which the
DISCUSSION—This value was used in a now-obsolete method of
correcting XRF readings for substrate effect, and has been replaced by property values are expressed. E1644
use of the Performance Characteristic Sheet.
chalking, n—formation on a pigmented coating of a friable
atomic absorption—absorption of radiant energy by ground-
powder evolved from the film itself at or just beneath the
state atoms.
surface. D4214
DISCUSSION—Substances when dispersed as an atomic vapor will
checking (coatings), n—phenomenon manifested in paint
absorb characteristic radiations identical to those that the same sub-
stances can emit. This property is the basis for analysis by atomic films by slight breaks in the film that do not penetrate to the
absorption spectroscopy. D2864 underlying surface.
DISCUSSION—The break should be called a crack if the underlying
baluster (picket), n—one of a series of closely-spaced upright
surface is visible. Where precision is necessary in evaluating a paint
members that support the handrail in a railing system. E631
film, checking may be described as visible (as seen by the naked eye)
or as microscopic (as observed under a magnification of ten diameters).
bare soil, n—soil or sand not covered by grass, sod, other live
chewable surface—surface easily accessible to children (usu-
ground covers, wood chips, gravel, artificial turf, or similar
ally up to five feet from the floor or ground), and likely to be
covering. E2255
chewed-on, such as window sills, balusters, and handrails.
baseboard, n—a molding covering the juncture of a wall and
See accessible surface.
the adjoining floor.
child-occupied facility—a facility constructed prior to 1978
batch—a group of field or quality control samples that are
that is visited regularly by the same child, six years of age or
processed together using the same reagents and equipment.
under,atleasttwodifferentdayswithinanyweek,foratleast
E1553
three hours per visit, six hours per week, and 60 hours per
year. 40 CFR 745.223, adapted
bias, n—systematic error of the indication of a measuring
instrument. E456
chipping resistance (coatings)—ability of a coating or layers
of coatings to resist removal, usually in small pieces,
biological monitoring—analysis of a person’s blood or urine,
resulting from impact by hard objects or from wear during
or both, to determine the level of lead contamination in the
service. D16
body.
clearance area, n—work area and additional spaces outside
blank sample—unexposed specimen of the medium used in
the work area where lead contamination may have occurred
testing, such as a wipe or a filter, which is analyzed with
during lead hazard control and other building maintenance
other samples to determine whether samples are either (1)
or modification activities. E2271
contaminated before collection (for example, in the field, or
DISCUSSION—The spaces outside the work
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1605–04 Designation: E1605 – 04 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Lead in Buildings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1605; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology standard covers definitions for the following:
1.1.1 Terms that are commonly used in the field of management of lead hazards in facilities;
1.1.2 Architectural terms, particularly those associated with older wood-frame buildings; and,
1.1.3 Specialized terms that may be encountered by users in reports and notices that are generated during lead hazard
management activities.
1.2 This terminology standard is supplementary to Terminology E631.
1.3 Definitions adopted or derived from other documents include the following:
1.3.1 Some of the definitions in this Standardterminology standard are adopted as exact copies from other sources. The source
is briefly identified at the right margin following the definition and fully identified in Section 2.
1.3.2 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard are adapted from other sources. Changes in these definitions were
made only to clarify the meaning, to incorporate related terms that also are defined in this terminology standard, or to ensure that
thereviseddefinitionisconsistentwiththoseforrelatedterms.Thesourceisbrieflyidentifiedwiththewords“adapted”attheright
margin following the definition, and is fully identified in Section 2.
1.4 Terms within the definitions that are shown in boldface are defined in this terminology standard.
1.5 This terminology standard excludes the following:
1.5.1 Terms with a common dictionary meaning, except in cases where there is a specialized definition within the field of lead
hazard management.
1.5.2 Terms that are used only in individualASTM standards in which they are defined adequately, whether formally or by the
context in which they appear.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C186 Test Method for Heat of Hydration of Hydraulic Cement
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
D16 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D661 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of Exterior Paints
D772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scaling) of Exterior Paints
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
D2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films
D4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating and Lining Work for Power Generation Facilities
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
E131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrometry
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on Lead
Hazards Associated with Buildings.
´1
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E1605–03 . DOI:
10.1520/E1605-04.
Current edition approved July 15, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1605 – 04. DOI:
10.1520/E1605-04R12.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1605 – 04 (2012)
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E856 Definitions of Terms and Abbreviations Relating to Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Refuse Derived Fuel
E1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment
E1227 Terminology Relating to for Chemical Analysis of Metals
E1553 Practice for Collection of Airborne Particulate Lead During Abatement and Construction Activities
E1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES),
FlameAtomicAbsorption Spectrometry (FAAS), or Graphite FurnaceAtomicAbsorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) Techniques
E1644 Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust Wipe Samples for the Determination of Lead
E1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determination
E1777 Guide for Prioritization of Data Needs for Pavement Management
E1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust
E1796 Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in Buildings
E1908 Guide for Sample Selection of Debris Waste from a Building Renovation or Lead Abatement Project for Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Testing for Leachable Lead (Pb)
E1914 Practice for Use of Terms Relating to the Development and Evaluation of Methods for Chemical Analysis
E1979 Practice for Ultrasonic Extraction of Paint, Dust, Soil, and Air Samples for Subsequent Determination of Lead
E2052 Guide for Evaluation, Management, and Control of Lead Hazards in Facilities
E2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservation for Lead Hazard Activities
E2255 Practice for Conducting Visual Assessments for Lead Hazards in Buildings
E2271 Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Dwellings, and in Other
Child-Occupied Facilities
F141 Terminology Relating to Resilient Floor Coverings
F221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and Inked Ribbon Products and Images Made Therefrom
F1156 Terminology Relating to Product Counterfeit Protection Systems
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI), the Modernized Metric System
2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:
40CFR 261 Identification CFR 261 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste
40CFR CFR 745.223 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Certain Residential Structures-Definitions
2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO 9000–2000 Quality Management Systems --— Fundamentals and Vocabulary
3. Significance and Use
3.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to help users understand and apply the large number of specialized terms used
in connection with the management of lead hazards by providing a single, comprehensive, and consistent terminology.
3.1.1 This terminology standard includes some terms that may be encountered, but whose use is discouraged.They are included
for clarification and in order to provide the user with preferred existing alternate terms.
3.1.2 Architectural terms for individual building components are included to promote consistency of usage and to help ensure
thatsamplinglocationsarerecordedwithsufficientaccuracytoallowindependentconfirmationofleadmeasurements,ifnecessary.
3.2 A discussion is attached to certain definitions to help make the definition clear or to show how the term and its definition
are related to other terms.
3.3 Terms and definitions in this terminology standard are based upon laws, regulations, and practices in the United States.
3.3.1 Someofthedefinitionsinthisterminologystandardareadoptedverbatimorareadaptedfromdefinitionsthatareformally
stated or implied in laws and regulations. They are not intended to replace the latter definitions. The user is responsible for
understanding legal definitions and for ensuring that the legal obligations that are encompassed by them are fully satisfied.
3.3.2 Users in other countries should refer to applicable national, regional, and local laws, regulations, and practices.
4. Terminology
abrasion resistance (coatings)—ability of a coating to resist being worn away and to maintain its original appearance, integrity,
and structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear.
accessiblesurface—interiororexteriorsurface(usuallyupto5ft(1.5m)fromfloororground)thatisaccessibleforayoungchild
to mouth or chew. See also chewable surface.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
Available from Office of the Federal Register, NationalArchives RecordsAdministration, Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
DC 20401.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
E1605 – 04 (2012)
accreditation, n—Official authorization, approval, or recognition accorded an individual or organization based upon specific
qualifications. ( E631 )
accuracy, n—the closeness of the agreement between the result of a measurement and a true value of the quantity that is being
measured. (Adapted adapted from draft ISO VIM, International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms) Terms
action level, n—a level of a contaminant in a medium at or above which activities to control the level are initiated.
DISCUSSION—The action level may be a maximum allowable level, as in the definition of lead-containing paint. In other cases, it is defined as below
amaximumallowablelevel,andusedasawarningtopreventthelatterfrombeingexceeded.AnexampleistheactionlevelintheOSHAleadstandard.
administrative controls—Administrative measures that are used to control occupational exposures to hazards.
DISCUSSION—Themostcommonly-usedadministrativecontrolsarejobassignmentsandjobrotationsthataredesignedtolimitthedurationofworker
exposure.Another administrative control is purchase control to ensure the use of materials and equipment which produce the least amount of hazard.
administrative removal—(of workers), temporary removal of workers from a job site prior to blood-lead levels reaching values
requiring medical removal.
analyte, n—chemical or element that is the subject of the testing or measurement in a sampling and analytical procedure, e.g.for
example, lead in paint.
anodic stripping voltammetry—an electroanalytical technique in which the concentration of a metal species analyte (such as
lead) in a solution is determined by deposition (by reduction) on an electrode, then stripping from it (by oxidation). The peak
electrical current is measured during stripping, and is proportional to the original metal concentration.
DISCUSSION—Commercial equipment is available to perform this method in the field as well as in fixed-site laboratories.
Apparent Lead Concentration (ALC)—The x-rayX-ray fluorescence (XRF) reading or average of more than one reading on a
painted surface, not corrected for the substrate.
DISCUSSION—This value was used in a now-obsolete method of correcting XRF readings for substrate effect, and has been replaced by use of the
Performance Characteristic Sheet.
atomic absorption—absorption of radiant energy by ground-state atoms.
DISCUSSION—Substanceswhendispersedasanatomicvaporwillabsorbcharacteristicradiationsidenticaltothosethatthesamesubstancescanemit.
This property is the basis for analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy. ( D2864 )
baluster (picket), n—one of a series of closely-spaced upright members that support the handrail in a railing system. (E631 )
baresoil, n—soilorsandnotcoveredbygrass,sod,otherlivegroundcovers,woodchips,gravel,artificialturf,orsimilarcovering.
( E2255 )
baseboard, n—a molding covering the juncture of a wall and the adjoining floor.
batch—a group of field or quality control samples that are processed together using the same reagents and equipment. (E1553
)
bias, n—systematic error of the indication of a measuring instrument. ( E456 )
biological monitoring—analysis of a person’s blood or urine, or both, to determine the level of lead contamination in the body.
blanksample—unexposedspecimenofthe mediumusedintesting,suchasawipeorafilter,whichisanalyzedwithothersamples
to determine whether samples are either (1) contaminated before collection (for example, in the field, or at the testing site), or
are (2) contaminated after collection (for example, during transportation to the laboratory or in the laboratory), or both. Also
called a media blank,ora dummy specimen.
blood-lead level (blood level)—concentration of lead in the blood, 1 µmole/L = 20.72 µg/mL.
DISCUSSION—Blood lead levels are associated with the risk and severity of toxic effects.
calibration curve—graphical or mathematical representation of a relation between a measured parameter and a property of the
standard for the substance under consideration. ( C859 )
calibration standard—solutions of known analyte concentration used to calibrate instruments. ( E1613 )
DISCUSSION—Calibration standards must be matrix matched to the acid content present in sample digestates or extracts and must be measured prior
to analyzing samples.
certification—the process of testing and evaluating against certain specifications the competence of a person, organization, or
other entity in performing a function or service, usually for a specified period of time. (HUD Guidelines) HUD Guidelines
Certified Reference Material (CRM)—a reference material accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property values
are certified by a procedure that establishes its traceability to an accurate realization of the unit in which the property values are
expressed. ( E1644 )
chalking, n—formation on a pigmented coating of a friable powder evolved from the film itself at or just beneath the surface.
( D4214 )
checking (coatings), n—phenomenon manifested in paint films by slight breaks in the film that do not penetrate to the underlying
surface.
E1605 – 04 (2012)
DISCUSSION—Thebreakshouldbecalledacrackiftheunderlyingsurfaceisvisible.Whereprecisionisnecessaryinevaluatingapaintfilm,checking
may be described as visible (as seen by the naked eye) or as microscopic (as observed under a magnification of ten diameters).
chewable surface—surface easily accessible to children (usually up to five feet from the floor or ground), and likely to be
chewed-on, such a
...
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