ASTM E1219-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Solvent-Removable Process
Standard Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the Solvent-Removable Process
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for fluorescent penetrant examination utilizing the solvent-removable process. It is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface, such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to inprocess, final, and maintenance examination. It can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.
1.2 This test method also provides a reference:
1.2.1 By which a fluorescent penetrant examination solvent-removable process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications dealing with the fluorescent solvent-removable liquid penetrant examination of materials and parts. Agreement by the purchaser and the manufacturer regarding specific techniques is strongly recommended.
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted, however, that after indications have been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code or specification or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Notes 5, 12, and 16.
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Designation:E1219–99
Standard Test Method for
Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Examination Using the
Solvent-Removable Process
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1219; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2 safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers procedures for fluorescent
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
penetrant examination utilizing the solvent-removable process.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
It is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinui-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
ties that are open to the surface, such as cracks, seams, laps,
statements, see Notes 11 and 15.
coldshuts,laminations,isolatedporosity,throughleaks,orlack
offusionandisapplicabletoin-process,final,andmaintenance
2. Referenced Documents
examination. It can be effectively used in the examination of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous,
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified
eral Bomb Method)
ceramics and certain nonporous plastics and glass.
D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in Water
1.2 This test method also provides a reference:
D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-
1.2.1 Bywhichafluorescentpenetrantexaminationsolvent-
leum Products (Bomb Method)
removable process recommended or required by individual
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and
(High-Temperature Method)
completeness.
E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications
E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant Inspec-
dealingwiththefluorescentsolvent-removableliquidpenetrant
tion
examination of materials and parts. Agreement by the pur-
E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non-
chaser and the manufacturer regarding specific techniques is
destructive Testing
strongly recommended.
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and
2.2 ASNT Documents:
personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.
Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest standards
tion and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be pointed
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Qualification and Certification of
out, however, that indications must be interpreted or classified
NDT Personnel
and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate
2.3 Military Standard:
code or specification or a specific agreement to define the type,
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
size, location, and direction of indications considered accept-
tion and Certification
able, and those considered unacceptable.
2.4 AIA Standard:
1.4 All areas of this document may be open to agreement
between the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-
plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
organization.
1 3
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1999. Published April 1999. Originally Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlin-
published as E 1219 – 87. Last previous edition E 1219 – 94. gate Plaza, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
2 7
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Test AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Method SE-1219 in Section II of that Code. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1219–99
NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive mended by the manufacturer, and are classified as Type I
Test Personnel Fluorescent, Method C—Solvent-Removable. Intermixing of
2.5 Department of Defense (DoD) Contracts—Unless oth-
materials from various manufacturers is not recommended.
erwise specified, the issue of the documents that are DoD
NOTE 3—Refer to 8.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen, and
adopted are those listed in the issue of the DoDISS (Depart-
alkali metal content.
ment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards) cited
NOTE 4—Caution: While approved penetrant materials will not ad-
in the solicitation.
verselyaffectcommonmetallicmaterials,someplasticsorrubbersmaybe
swollen or stained by certain penetrants.
2.6 Order of Precedence—In the event of conflict between
6.2 Fluorescent Solvent-Removable Penetrants, are de-
the text of this test method and the references cited herein, the
text of this test method takes precedence. signed so that excess surface penetrant can be removed by
wiping with clean, lint-free material, and repeating the opera-
tion until most traces of penetrant have been removed. The
3. Terminology
remaining traces shall be removed by wiping the surface with
3.1 Definitions—definitions relating to liquid penetrant ex-
clean, lint-free material lightly moistened with the solvent
amination, which appear inTerminology E 1316, shall apply to
remover. To minimize removal of penetrant from discontinui-
the terms used in this test method.
ties, care shall be taken to avoid the use of excess solvent.
Flushing the surface with solvent to remove the excess
4. Summary of Test Method
penetrant is prohibited.
4.1 Aliquid,fluorescentpenetrantisappliedevenlyoverthe
6.3 Solvent Removers function by dissolving the penetrant,
surface being tested and allowed to enter open discontinuities.
makingitpossibletowipethesurfacecleanandfreeofresidual
After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface penetrant is
fluorescent penetrant as described in 7.1.5.
removed and the surface is dried prior to the application of a
6.4 Developers—Development of penetrant indications is
nonaqueous, wet, or liquid film developer. If an aqueous
the process of bringing the penetrant out of discontinuities
developer is to be employed, the developer is applied prior to
through blotting action of the applied developer, thus increas-
the drying step. The developer draws the entrapped penetrant
ing the visibility of the penetrant indications. Nonaqueous, wet
out of the discontinuity, staining the developer. The surface is
developers, and aqueous developers are most commonly used
thenexaminedvisuallyunderblacklighttodeterminepresence
in solvent-removable processes. Liquid film developers also
or absence of indications.
are used for special applications.
NOTE 1—The developer may be omitted by agreement between pur-
6.4.1 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied as dry
chaser and supplier.
powder particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble)
NOTE 2—Caution: Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow
a visible penetrant examination unless the procedure has been qualified in in water. The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in
accordance with 9.2, because visible dyes may cause deterioration or
accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations (see
quenching of fluorescent dyes.
7.1.7.2).
4.2 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetration
6.4.2 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers are supplied as suspen-
time, etc., are determined by the specific materials used, the
sionsofdeveloperparticlesinanonaqueoussolventcarrierand
nature of the part under examination (that is, size, shape,
arereadyforuseassupplied.Theyareappliedtothesurfaceby
surface condition, alloy), type of discontinuities expected, etc.
spraying after the excess penetrant has been removed and the
surface has dried. Nonaqueous, wet developers form a trans-
5. Significance and Use
lucent or white coating on the surface when dried, and serve as
5.1 Liquidpenetrantexaminationmethodsindicatethepres-
a contrasting background for fluorescent penetrants (see
ence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magni-
7.1.7.3).
tude of the detected discontinuities. This test method is
NOTE 5—Caution: This type of developer is intended for application
intended primarily for portability and for localized areas of
by spray only.
examination, utilizing minimal equipment, when a higher level
of sensitivity than can be achieved using visible process is
6.4.3 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or colloidal
required. Surface roughness may be a limiting factor. If so, an
suspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These
alternative process such as post-emulsified penetrant should be
developerswillformatransparentortranslucentcoatingonthe
considered, when grinding or machining is not practical.
surface of the part. Certain types of film developer may be
stripped from the part and retained for record purposes (see
6. Reagents and Materials
7.1.7.4).
6.1 Fluorescent Solvent-Removable Liquid Penetrant Ex-
6.4.4 Dry Developer—Dry developer shall be applied in
amination Materials, (see Note 3) consist of a family of
such a manner as to allow contact of all surfaces to be
applicable fluorescent penetrants, solvent removers, as recom-
inspected. Excess dry developer may be removed after the
development time by light tapping or light air blow off not
8 exceeding 5 psig. Minimum and maximum developer dwell
Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250
Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005. times shall be 10 min to 4 h respectively.
E1219–99
7. Procedure from 40 and 120°F (4 and 49°C). Where it is not practical to
comply with these temperature limitations, the procedure must
7.1 The following general procedure (see Fig. 1) applies to
be qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in
the solvent-removable fluorescent penetrant examination
9.2.
method.
7.1.1 Temperature Limits—Thetemperatureofthepenetrant
materials and the surface of the part to be processed should be
Incoming Parts
PRECLEAN Alkaline Steam Vapor Degrease Solvent Wash Acid Etch
(See 7.1.3.1)
Mechanical Paint Stripper Ultrasonic Detergent
DRY
(See 7.1.3.2) Dry
PENETRANT Apply
APPLICATION Solvent-
(See 7.1.4) Removable
Fluorescent
Penetrant
REMOVE EXCESS
PENETRANT Solvent
(See 7.1.5) Wipe-Off
DRY
(See 7.1.6) Dry
DEVELOP Nonaqueous
(See 7.1.7) Wet, Liquid Film Aqueous
Developer Developer
DRY
(see 7.1.6) Dry
EXAMINE
(See 7.1.8) Examine
Mechanical
Water Rinse Detergent Wash
POST CLEAN
(See 7.1.10 and Prac-
tice E 165, Annex on
Post Cleaning Dry
Vapor Degrease Solvent Soak Ultrasonic Clean
Outgoing Parts
FIG. 1 Solvent-Removable Fluorescent Penetrant Examination General Procedure Flowsheet
E1219–99
NOTE 9—Caution: Residues from cleaning processes, such as strong
7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant Inspection—
alkalies, pickling solutions and chromates in particular, may adversely
Satisfactory results can usually be obtained on surfaces in the
react with the penetrant and reduce its sensitivity and performance.
as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged conditions or for
ceramics in the densified condition. When only loose surface
7.1.3.2 Drying After Cleaning—It is essential that the sur-
residuals are present, these may be removed by wiping the
faces be thoroughly dry after cleaning, since any liquid residue
surface with clean lint-free cloths. However, precleaning of
will hinder the entrance of the penetrant. Drying may be
metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite,
accomplished by warming the parts in drying ovens, with
scale, insulating materials, coatings, and so forth, should be
infrared lamps, forced hot or cold air, or exposure to ambient
done using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical
temperature.
removing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, ma-
7.1.4 Penetrant Application—After the part has been
chining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, grit and
cleaned, dried, and is within the specified temperature range,
vapor blasting to remove the peened skin and when penetrant
apply the penetrant to the surface to be inspected so that the
entrapment in surface irregularities might mask the indications
entire part or area under examination is competely covered
of unacceptable discontinuities or otherwise interfere with the
with penetrant.
effectiveness of the examination. For metals, unless otherwise
specified, etching shall be performed when evidence exists that
7.1.4.1 Modes of Application—There are various modes of
previous cleaning, surface treatments or service usage have
effective application of penetrant such as dipping, brushing,
produced a surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of
flooding, or spraying. Small parts are quite often placed in
the examination. (See Annex on Mechanical Cleaning and
suitable baskets and dipped into a tank of penetrant. On larger
Surface Conditioning and Annex on Acid Etching in Test
parts, and those with complex geometries, penetrant can be
Method E 165 for general precautions relative to surface
applied effectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventional
preparation.)
and electrostatic spray guns are effective means of applying
liquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electrostatic spray
NOTE 6—When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blasting
without subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.
application can eliminate excess liquid buildup of penetrant on
NOTE 7—Caution: Sand or shot blasting may possibly close indica-
the part, minimize overspray, and minimize the amount of
tions and extreme care should be used with grinding and machining
penetrant entering hollow-cored passages that might serve as
operations.
penetrant reservoirs and can cause severe bleedout problems
NOTE 8—For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation by
during examination.Aerosol sprays are also very effective and
grinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is not
recommended because of the potential for damage.
a convenient portable means of application.
7.1.3 Removal of Surface Contamination:
...
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