ASTM D710-97(2002)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Vulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods, and Tubes Used for Electrical Insulation
Standard Specification for Vulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods, and Tubes Used for Electrical Insulation
ABSTRACT
This specification covers vulcanized fibres in sheet, round rod, and round tube forms of bone, commercial, and electrical insulation grades. Fibres shall be tested appropriatedly and consequently conform to specified color, chemical composition, flexural strength, impact strength, tearing strength, compressive strength, water absorption, dielectric strength, bursting strength, density, Rockwell hardness, and dimensional and size requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers vulcanized fibre (Note 1) sheets, round rods, and round tubes of such grades suitable for use as electrical insulation.
Note 1—The variant spelling "fibre" has been approved by Committee D09 for use in this standard.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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An American National Standard
Designation: D 710 – 97 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Specification for
Vulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods, and Tubes Used for
Electrical Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D710; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.1.1 Discussion—The zinc chloride is subsequently re-
moved by leaching. The resulting product, after being dried
1.1 This specification covers vulcanized fibre (Note 1)
and finished by calendering, is a material of partially regener-
sheets, round rods, and round tubes of such grades suitable for
ated cellulose in which the fibrous structure is retained in
use as electrical insulation.
varying degrees depending on the grade of paper used and on
NOTE 1—The variantspelling“fibre”hasbeenapprovedbyCommittee
the processing conditions. Material up to about 25 mm in
D09 for use in this standard.
thickness is produced by bonding multiple layers of paper (or
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
board) after chemical treatment. Vulcanized fibre does not
as the standard.
contain vulcanized rubber or sulfur as the name might imply.
Thin vulcanized fibre has sometimes been termed “fish paper.”
2. Referenced Documents
4. Grades
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D495 Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry
4.1 Threegradesofvulcanizedfibrearecovered,asfollows:
Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation
4.1.1 Bone Grade—This grade is characterized by the
D619 Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electri-
greater hardness and stiffness associated with higher density. It
cal Insulation
machinesmoresmoothlyandwithlesstendencytoseparatethe
D696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Ex-
plies in difficult machining operations than the other grades. It
1 1
pansion of Plastics Between−30°C and 30°C With a
is made in thickness of ⁄32 to ⁄4in. (0.79 to 6.35 mm).
Vitreous Silica Dilatometer
4.1.2 Commercial Grade—This grade is considered as the
D952 Test Method for Bond or Cohesive Strength of Sheet
general-purpose grade and is sometimes referred to as me-
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
chanical and electrical grade. It possesses good physical and
D3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid
electrical properties and can be fabricated satisfactorily by
Electrical Insulating Materials
punching, turning, and forming operations. It is made in
2.2 Other Documents:
thicknesses from 0.010 to ⁄4 in. (0.25 to 6.35 mm).
IEEE Publication No. 1, “General Principles for Tempera-
4.1.3 Electrical Insulation Grade—This grade is intended
ture Limits in the Rating of Electrical Equipment.”
primarily for electrical applications and others involving diffi-
cult bending or forming operations. It is made in thicknesses
3. Terminology
from 0.004 to ⁄8 in. (0.10 to 3.2 mm). Thin material of this
3.1 Definitions:
grade is sometimes referred to as “fish paper.”
3.1.1 vulcanized fibre, n—a material made from chemically
4.2 Thethreegradesoffibreareavailableinlaminatedsheet
gelatinized cellulosic paper or board using zinc chloride as the
form in greater thicknesses than those listed in 4.1.1 to 4.1.3.
gelatinizing agent.
Laminated (or built-up) fibre is composed of a number of plies
bondedtogetherwithasuitableadhesive.Itretainsallthebasic
properties of solid fibre, including high arc resistance on edges
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
and faces, and in addition has better dimensional stability and
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials.
less warpage. Laminated fibre is usually furnished when the
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1997. Published November 1997. Originally
thickness is over ⁄4 in. (6.35 mm), and may be furnished in
published as D710 – 43 T. Last previous edition D710–96.
2 thicknesses down to ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm). Thicknesses up to 4 in.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
(102 mm) are commercially available.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.02.
Available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 445
Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 710 – 97 (2002)
TABLE 2 Chemical Requirements
4.3 Thin sheet material, up to ⁄16 in. thick is available in a
lower density uncalendered condition which may not meet the Zinc Chloride, Silica Content,
Grade Color Ash max, %
max, % max, %
requirements of this specification.
All gray, black 0.1 1.5 0.3
red 0.1 7 0.3
5. Forms and Colors
5.1 Vulcanized fibre is available in the forms and colors
listed in Table 1.
TABLE 3 Flexural Strength Requirement for Sheets, min, psi
(MPa)
6. Chemical Composition
Bone Grade Commercial Grade
Nominal Thickness in.
Length- Cross- Length- Cross-
6.1 The material shall conform to the requirements for
(mm)
wise wise wise wise
chemical composition prescribed in Table 2.
A A
1 1
⁄16(1.59) up to ⁄8 16 000 14 000 15 000 13 000
(3.18), incl (110) (97) (103) (90)
7. Detail Requirements
1 1
Over ⁄8(3.18) to ⁄2 15 000 13 000 14 000 12 000
(12.7), incl (103) (90) (97) (83)
7.1 Sheets—Sheet material, calendered only, unless other-
Over ⁄2(12.7) to 1 . . 13 000 11 000
wisespecified,shallconformtotherequirementsastophysical
(25.4), incl (90) (76)
and electrical properties prescribed in Tables 3-9.
A
These two values also apply to Electrical Insulation Grade.
7.1.1 Bond Strength (Laminated Sheets Only)—Tested in
accordance with Test Method D952 shall conform to the
TABLE 4 Water Absorption and Dielectric Strength Requirements
following requirements:
for Sheets
Thicknesses Psi, (MPa) min
A
Dielectric
Water Absorption,
All 800 (5.5) B
Nominal Thickness, Strength,
max, %
Grade
in. (mm) min,
7.2 Round Rods—Round rods shall conform to the require-
2h 24h
V/mil (kV/mm)
ments as to physical properties prescribed inTables 10 and 11,
Bone ⁄32(0.79) 55 63 175 (6.9)
and Table 12.
⁄16(1.59) 30 55 175 (6.9)
⁄8(3.18) 20 48 150 (5.9)
7.3 Round Tubes—Round tubes shall conform to the re-
⁄16(4.76) 17 42 100 (3.9)
quirementsastophysicalandelectricalpropertiesprescribedin
⁄4(6.35) 14 37 100 (3.9)
Tables 13 and 14. Density of tubing shall conform to the
Commercial ⁄32(0.79) 60 68 175 (6.9)
requirementsprescribedinTable6fortherespectivegradeand
⁄16(1.59) 52 66 175 (6.9)
thickness.
⁄8(3.18) 35 61 150 (5.9)
⁄16(4.76) 24 56 100 (3.9)
8. Sheet Sizes and Permissible Variations
⁄4(6.35) 20 52 100 (3.9)
8.1 Sheets shall be furnished in the manufacturer’s standard
Electrical 0.004 to 0.007 . . 200 (7.9)
sheet sizes.
insulation (0.10 to 0.18),
incl
NOTE 2—The range of manufacturer’s standard sizes for the various
over 0.007 to 0.040 . . 250 (9.8)
grades and thicknesses are shown in Table 15.
(0.18 to 1.02),
incl
8.2 When sheets and rolls are trimmed to a specified width,
over 0.040 to ⁄8 . . 175 (6.9)
the maximum permissible variation in width is 6 ⁄2 in. (612.7
(1.02 to 3.18),
incl
mm).
⁄32(0.80) 60 68 .
8.3 When sheets are trimmed to a specified length, the
⁄16(1.59) 52 66 .
maximum permissible variation in length is 6 ⁄2 in. 1
⁄8(3.17) 35 61 .
⁄4(6.35) 20 52 100 (3.9)
8.4 The maximum permissible variations in widths of strips
⁄16(7.94) 17 47 100 (3.9)
cutfromsheetsbytheindicatedoperationsareasprescribedin
⁄8(9.52) 15 43 100 (3.9)
Table 16.
⁄16(11.11) 14 39 50 (2.0)
⁄2(12.7) 13 36 50 (2.0)
8.5 The maximum permissible variation in thickness of full
A
⁄8(15.88) 11 31
sheets is as prescribed in Table 17.
A
⁄4(19.05) 10 27
A
8.6 The maximum permissible variations in thickness of
⁄8(22.22) 8 23
A
1 (25.4) 8 21
sheets cut in halves, thirds, or quarters are as shown in Table
1 A
1 ⁄4(31.8) 8 18
17.
A
1 ⁄2(38.1) 8 17
A
2 (50.8) and over 8 17
TABLE 1 Forms and Colors Available A
For intermediate thicknesses, the value for the next smaller thickness shall
A B
apply.
Grades Forms Colors
B
For intermediate thicknesses, the value for the next larger thickness shall
Bone sheets and rods, gray
apply.
tubes gray, black, red
Commercial sheets and rods gray, black, red
Electrical Insulation sheets gray
A 9. Rod Sizes and Permissible Variations
Sheets and rods are available in both single-layer and laminated form. Thin
sheets are available in both rolls and flat sheets in thicknesses up to ⁄16 in. (1.6
9.1 Furnish rods in the same nominal sizes as sheets. Cut
mm).
B rods from sheet, the length being limited by the length of the
In any of these standard colors, considerable variation of shade may be
expected. sheet.
D 710 – 97 (2002)
TABLE 5 Bursting Strength Requirements for Sheets, TABLE 9 Hardness Requirements for Sheets 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) or
min, psi (MPa) More in Thickness
Nominal Grade Rockwell Hardness, min
Commercial Electrical Insula-
Thickness, in. Bone Grade Bone R 80
Grade tion Grade
(mm) Commercial R 50
0.005 (0.13) . . 65 (0.4)
0.007 (0.18) . . 95 (8.7)
0.010 (0.25) . 125 (0.9) 125 (0.9)
TABLE 10 Tensile Strength Requirements for Round Rods, min,
0.012 (0.30) . 150 (1.0) 150 (1.0)
psi (MPa)
0.015 (0.38) . 185 (1.3) 185 (1.3)
Nominal Diameter, in. (mm) Bone Grade Commercial Grade
0.020 (0.51) . 250 (1.7) 250 (1.7)
1 1
⁄8 to ⁄2 (3.18 to 12.7), incl 8500 (59) 8000 (55)
0.030 (0.76) 325 (2.2) 375 (2.6) 375 (2.6)
Over ⁄2 (12.7) . 7000 (48)
0.045 (1.14) 470 (3.2) 560 (3.9) 560 (3.9)
0.060 (1.52) 550 (3.8) 750 (5.2) 750 (5.2)
TABLE 11 Water Absorption Requirements for Round Rods
3A
TABLE 6 Density Requirements for Sheets, min, g/cm
Water Absorption,
max, %
Commercial Grade Electric Insulation Grade
Grade Nominal Diameter, in. (mm)
Nominal Thickness or
2h 24h
Uncalen- Calen- Uncalen- Calen-
Diameter, in. (mm)
dered dered dered dered
1 3
Bone ⁄16to ⁄16 (1.59 to 4.76), incl 35 75
3 1
over ⁄16 to ⁄4 (4.76 to 6.35), incl 15 50
Under 0.010 (0.25) . . 0.90 1.00
0.010 to 0.015 incl, 1.05 1.10 1.00 1.10
1 3
Commercial ⁄16to ⁄16 (1.59 to 4.76), incl 40 80
(0.25 + 0.38),
3 1
over ⁄16 to ⁄2 (4.76 to 12.7), incl 20 60
Over 0.015 to ⁄32 incl, (0.38 1.10 1.15 1.10 1.15
over ⁄2 to 1 (12.7 to 25.4), incl 10 30
to 2.38),
3 1
over 1 8 25
Over ⁄32 to ⁄8 incl, (2.38 to 1.15 1.20 1.15 1.20
3.18),
1 5
Over ⁄8to ⁄8 incl, (3.18 to . 1.20 . .
15.88),
TABLE 12 Density Requirements for Round Rods
Over ⁄8to 1 incl, (15.88 to . 1.10 . .
25.4),
Density g/cm ,
Grade Nominal Diameter, in. (mm)
Over 1 to 1 ⁄4 incl, (25.4 to . 1.05 . .
min
31.8),
1 3
Bone ⁄16to ⁄32 (1.59 to 2.38), incl 1.15
Over 1 ⁄4 (31.8) . 1.01 . .
over ⁄32 (2.38) 1.30
A
The minimum density of all forms and thicknesses of bone grade shall be 1.30
g/cm . 3 5
Commercial over ⁄32 to ⁄8 (2.38 to 15.88), incl 1.20
over ⁄8 to 1 (15.88 to 25.4), incl 1.10
over 1 to 1 ⁄4 (25.4 to 31.8), incl 1.05
TABLE 7 Tearing Strength Requirements for Sheets,
over 1 ⁄4 (31.8) 1.01
Electric Insulation Grade
Nominal Thickness, Machine Direction, Cross Direction,
in. (mm) min, g min, g
TABLE 13 Compressive Strength Requirement for Round Tubes
0.005 (0.13) 75 100
Axial Compressive
0.007 (0.18) 150 175
Nominal Wall Thickness,
Grade Strength, min, psi
A
0.010 (0.25) 225 275 in. (mm)
(MPa)
0.012 (0.30) 275 335
Bone and commercial up to ⁄8 (3.18), incl 11 000 (76)
0.015 (0.38) 350 425
1 5
over ⁄8 to ⁄16 (3.18 to 7.94), 12 000 (33)
incl
A
Wall thickness ⁄32 in. min; outside diameter 2.0 in. max.
TABLE 8 Impact Strength Requirements for Sheets
Impact Strength, Izod, Edgewise
10.3 The maximum permissible variations in length of
Nominal Thickness, Notched, min, ft-lb/in. J/m of
Grade
circular sawed pieces of tubes are as shown in Table 23.
in. (mm) notch
Lengthwise Crosswise
1 1
Bone ⁄16 to ⁄4 (1.59 to 6.35) 1.4 (75) 1.0 (53)
11. Workmanship
1 1
Commercial ⁄16 to ⁄4 (1.59 to 6.35) 1.6 (85) 1.2 (64)
1 1
11.1 The material shall be uniform in quality and consistent
Electrical insulation ⁄16 to ⁄8 (1.59 to 3.2) 1.6 (85) 1.2 (64)
with the properties prescribed in this specification. It shall be
free of blisters, and reasonably free of wrinkles, cracks,
9.2 The maximum permissible variations in diameters of scratches, and dents.
rods are as shown in Table 18.
12. Sampling
9.3 The maximum permissible variations in lengths of
circular sawed pieces of rods are as shown in Table 19. 12.1 To determine conformance with the requirements of
this specification, sample lots in accordance with Inspection
10. Tube Sizes and Permissible Variations
Level S-2 of Practice D3636.
10.1 The sizes of tubing are as shown inTable 20 andTable
13. Test Methods
21.
10.2 The maximum permissible variations in inside and 13.1 Condition vulcanized fibre and test in accordance with
outside diameters of tubes are as shown in Table 22. Test Methods D619.
D 710 – 97 (2002)
TABLE 14 Water Absorption and Dielectric Strength Requirements for Round Tubes
Water Absorption, max, %
Dielectric Strength, min,
Grade Nominal Wall Thickness, in. (mm)
V/mil (kV/mm)
2h 24h
Bone and commercial up to ⁄16 (1.59) . . 175 (6.9)
1 1
over ⁄16 to ⁄8 (1.59 to 3.18), incl . . 150 (5.9)
1 1
⁄32to ⁄8 (0.79 to 3.18), incl 50 75 .
1 1
over ⁄8 to ⁄4 (3.18 to 6.35), incl 20 50 100 (3.9)
1 5
over ⁄4 to ⁄16 (6.35 to 7.94), incl 10 25 100 (3.9)
TABLE 15 Range of Manufacturers’ Sheet Sizes TABLE 16 Permissible Variations in Widths of Strip Cut from
A
Sheets of All Grades, Plus or Minus, in.
NOTE 1—Due to variations in the size of manufacturing equipment,
Slit (Ribbon Band Smooth
thereissomevariationinthelengthandwidthofmanufacturers’standard
Width, in. (mm) Sheared
Rolls) Sawed Sawed
sheet sizes. Consult manufacturers’ catalogs for sizes available. The
⁄16(4.76) and under 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.006
ranges of manufacturers’ standard sheet sizes are as follows:
1 1
⁄4 to ⁄2 (6.35 to 12.7), incl 0.015 0.020 0.030 0.008
Grade Width, in. (mm) Length, in. (mm) 9
⁄16to 1 (14.29 to 25.4), incl 0.020 0.030 0.045 0.010
1 ⁄8to 2 (28.58 to 50.8), incl 0.030 0.040 0.060 0.012
Bone 40 to 54 66 to 86
Over 2 to 4 (50.8 to 101.6) 0.040 0.050 0.075 0.014
(1016 to 1322) (1676 to 2184)
A
Commercial 45 to 56 72 to 90
On strip of widths not listed in this table, the permissible variations shall be the
(1143 to 1422) (1829
...
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