ASTM D619-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical Insulation
Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical Insulation
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for testing vulcanized fibre (Note 1)) sheets, tubes, and rods of such grades as can be used for electrical insulation. Note 1-The variant spelling "fibre" as an industry accepted practice has been approved by Committee D-9 for use in these test methods.
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections: Procedure Section Arc resistance 23 Ash 6 Bond strength (ply adhesion) 16 Bursting strength 14 Compressive strength 12, 25, 30 Conditioning 4 Density 17, 26, 32 Dielectric strength 18, 27 Dimensional measurements 28, 33 Flammability 22 Flexural strength 13, 31 Silica 7 Tearing strength 11 Tensile strength 10, 24, 29 Thickness (sheets) 20 Resistance to impact 15 Rockwell hardness 19 Volatile matter 8 Water absorption 5 Zinc chloride 9
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Standards Content (Sample)
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An American National Standard
Designation:D619–99
Standard Test Methods for
Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 619; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for testing 2.1 ASTM Standards:
vulcanized fibre sheets, tubes, and rods of such grades as can D 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
be used for electrical insulation. Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials
1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections: at Commercial Power Frequencies
D 202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated
Procedure Section
Arc resistance 23
Paper Used for Electrical Insulation
Ash 6
D 229 Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials
Bond strength (ply adhesion) 16
Used for Electrical Insulation
Bursting strength 14
Compressive strength 12, 25, 30
D 256 Test Methods for Determining the IZOD Pendulum
Conditioning 4
Impact Resistance of Plastics
Density 17, 26, 32
D 348 Test Methods for Rigid Tubes Used for Electrical
Dielectric strength 18, 27
Dimensional measurements 28, 33
Insulation
Flammability 22
D 349 Test Methods for Laminated Round Rods Used for
Flexural strength 13, 31
Silica 7 Electrical Insulation
Tearing strength 11
D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
Tensile strength 10, 24, 29
lation
Thickness (sheets) 20
Resistance to impact 15 D 495 Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry
Rockwell hardness 19
Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation
Volatile matter 8
D 570 Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics
Water absorption 5
Zinc chloride 9 D 668 Test Methods of Measuring Dimensions of Rigid
Rods and Tubes Used for Electrical Insulation
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
D 689 Test Method for Internal-Tearing Resistance of Pa-
as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for
per
information only.
D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Plastics
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D 785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Electrical Insulating Materials
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D 792 TestMethodsforDensityandSpecificGravity(Rela-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
statements are given in 7.3 and 22.1.
D 828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper and
NOTE 1—The test methods described herein are similar technically to
Paperboard Using Constant–Rate–of-Elongation Appara-
those described in IEC Publication 60667-2. Not all of the tests in this
tus
document are included in IEC 60667-2, and the procedures in the two
D 952 Test Method for Bond or Cohesive Strength of Sheet
publications are not completely identical; but it is expected that compa-
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
rable results will be obtained from most of the procedures and compara-
D 1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
tive tests should be made if necessary before directly comparing results of
tests using the different procedures. D 6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Ma-
terials for Testing
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-9 on
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
Subcommittee D09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1999. Published November 1999. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
published as D 619 – 41. Last previous edition D 619 – 94. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D619–99
2.2 IEC Standard: 0.045 in. in thickness. In case of dispute in tests of materials
IEC 60667-2 Specification for Vulcanized Fibre for Electri- over 0.045 in. in thickness, the material shall be exposed for 48
cal Purposes–Part 2: Methods of Test h at standard laboratory atmosphere prior to conditioning by
Procedure B.
3. Terminology
4.2 Vulcanized fibre shall be conditioned for electrical tests
3.1 Definitions:
inaccordancewithPracticeD 6054,usingProcedureA.Incase
3.1.1 vulcanized fibre, n—a material made from chemically
of dispute, a referee test shall be used in which the time of
gelatinized cellulosic paper or board using zinc chloride as the
exposure to standard laboratory atmosphere is increased to a
gelatinizing agent.
minimum period of 7 days for all thicknesses.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The zinc chloride is subsequently re-
NOTE 3—Conditioning of specimens may be undertaken (1) for the
moved by leaching. The resulting product, after being dried
purpose of bringing the material into equilibrium with normal or average
and finished by calendering, is a material of partially regener-
room conditions of 23°C and 50 % relative humidity, (2) simply to obtain
ated cellulose in which the fibrous structure is retained in
reproducible results regardless of the previous history of exposure, or (3)
varying degrees depending on the grade of paper used and on
to subject the material to various conditions of temperature or humidity in
the processing conditions. Material up to about 25 mm in order to predict its service behavior.
thickness is produced by bonding multiple layers of paper (or
The conditioning of Procedure B prescribed in Practice D 6054 to
obtain reproducible results may give physical values somewhat higher or
board) after chemical treatment. Vulcanized fibre does not
somewhat lower than the values at equilibrium under normal conditions,
contain vulcanized rubber or sulfur as the name might imply.
depending upon the test. This procedure for conditioning is used because
Thin vulcanized fibre has sometimes been termed “fish paper”.
of the relatively short time required. To bring the material to an
3.1.2 For definitions of other terms used in this standard
equilibriumconditioninacontrolledhumiditywouldrequirealongperiod
refer to Terminology D 1711.
of time which might extend over many months, for example, for
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: In
thicknesses over 25 mm. The exact length of time would depend upon
referring to the cutting of specimens and the application of the such factors as thickness, grade, and previous history of the specimens,
and it would be too long for ordinary commercial test purposes. It is
load, the following definitions of terms apply:
probable that the time of exposure for some very thin sizes of material
3.2.1 crosswise (CW)—the direction of the sheet which is at
conditionedinaccordancewithProcedureAmaybereduced,butsufficient
90° to the lengthwise direction, and which is normally the
data on the various thicknesses are not yet available to permit a decision
weakest direction in flexure. For some materials, including the
to be made.
raw materials used for manufacture of materials considered
herein, this direction may be designated as the cross-machine
METHODSAPPLICABLE TO SHEETS, TUBES,AND
direction or the weft direction.
RODS
3.2.2 edgewise loading—mechanical force applied in the
plane of the original sheet or plate.
5. WaterAbsorption
3.2.3 flatwise loading—mechanical force applied normal to
5.1 Significance and Use—This test method is a guide for
the surfaces of the original sheet or plate.
the proportion of water absorbed in vulcanized fibre sheets,
3.2.4 lengthwise (LW)—the direction of the sheet which is
tubes, and rods and to the effects thereof on certain electrical
strongest in flexure.
and mechanical properties. It also is useful in determining the
3.2.4.1 Discussion—For some materials, including the raw
uniformity of quality in these materials.
materials used for the manufacture of materials considered
5.2 Procedure—Determine water absorption in accordance
herein, this direction may be designated as the machine
with Test Method D 570 on specimens dried in an oven for 1
direction or the warp direction.
h at 105 to 110°C prior to immersion in water.
3.3 In the case of thin material, the following definitions of
terms apply:
6. Ash
3.3.1 machine direction—the lengthwise direction in which
the paper is formed and travels on the paper machine, wire, or
6.1 Significance and Use—This test method provides a
cylinder.
procedure for determining the amount of ash of a dried
3.3.2 cross direction—the direction at right angles to the
specimen which may be useful in determining the continuity of
machine direction.
quality.
6.2 Test Specimen—The test specimen shall consist of 2 to
NOTE 2—These definitions of terms conform to the practice of the
5 g of vulcanized fibre in the form of finely divided particles,
paper industry.
such as millings or filings.
4. Conditioning
6.3 Procedure—Dry the test specimen for2hat105to
4.1 Vulcanized fibre shall be conditioned for mechanical
110°C and weigh. Then ignite the specimen to constant weight
tests in accordance with Practice D 6054, using Procedure A
in a crucible and reweigh. Calculate the percentage of ash,
for conditioning material 0.045 in. (1.14 mm) and under in
based on the weight of the dried specimen.
thickness, and Procedure B for conditioning material over
6.4 Report—Report the following information:
6.4.1 Identification of the material, and
6.4.2 The percentage by weight of ash.
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Floor, New York, NY 10036. 6.5 Precision and Bias:
D619–99
6.5.1 This test method has been used for many years, but no 8.3 Test Specimens—Prepare the test specimen which con-
information has been presented to ASTM upon which to base sists of the minimum number of pieces of fibre required to give
a precision statement. No activity has been planned to develop a total weight of at least 1 g, as follows:
such information. 8.3.1 Sheets—For sheets less than ⁄16 in. (1.59 mm) in
6.5.2 This test method has no bias because the value for
thickness, the pieces for the test specimen shall be 75 by 25
percentage of ash is determined solely in terms of this test mm by the thickness of the sheet; for sheets ⁄16 in. and over in
method itself.
thickness, the pieces for the test specimen shall be 75 by 3 mm
by the thickness of the sheet. The pieces shall be band-sawed
7. Silica or sheared from the sample so as to produce smooth edges free
of cracks. The sawed faces shall be sanded or filed to remove
7.1 Significance and Use—This test method is useful in
any protruding sections that might be broken off during the
determiningthecontinuityofqualityofvulcanizedfibresheets,
test. The sample shall be sawed slowly so that the fibre is not
tubes,androdsandinprovidingameansofevaluatingchanges
heated appreciably. The thickness of the specimens shall be
in the leaching medium and the efficiency of the leaching
measured to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) in the direction
process.
perpendicular to the natural faces of the original sample.
7.2 Test Specimen—The test specimen shall consist of
8.3.2 Tubes—For tubes less than ⁄16 in. (1.59 mm) in wall
approximately3gof vulcanized fibre in the form of finely
thickness, the pieces for the test specimen shall be 25-mm
divided particles, such as millings or filings.
lengths. For tubes ⁄16 in. and over in wall thickness, the pieces
7.3 Procedure—(Warning—Both hydrochloric acid (HCl)
for the test specimen shall be 3-mm lengths slowly cut with a
and hydrofluoric acid (HF) are corrosive and toxic. Take care
band saw.
to avoid spillage and contact with the skin. Evaporate solutions
8.3.3 Rods—For rods less than ⁄16 in. (4.76 mm) in diam-
of these acids in a well-ventilated fume hood.) Dry the test
eter,thepiecesforthetestspecimenshallconsistofcontinuous
specimen for1hat105to110°C. Transfer the dried specimen
lengths. For rods ⁄16 in. and over in diameter, the pieces for the
to a crucible and slowly ignite it to constant weight. Wet the
test specimen shall be 3-mm lengths slowly cut with a band
ash with distilled water and transfer to a heat-resistant glass
saw.
beaker. Add about 75 mL of HCl (sp gr 1.19) and cover the
8.4 Procedure—Test three specimens, each consisting of
beaker with a watchglass. Evaporate the contents of the beaker
one or more pieces of fibre as required, individually. Weigh
todryness.Totheresidueslowlyadd10mLofHCl(spgr1.19)
each specimen to the nearest 1 mg, and place it in a mechanical
followedby75mLofdistilledwater.Filterthemixturethrough
convectionovenmaintainedatatemperatureof135 62°Cand
ashless filter paper and wash with cold water, then with warm
heated for the period prescribed in the following table. Speci-
water,untilthefiltrateisfreeofchlorides.Ignitethefilterpaper
mens less than ⁄32 in. (0.80 mm) in thickness shall be weighed
to constant weight in a weighed platinum crucible. Then add 4
(but not heated) in a weighing bottle.
mLof HF (48 to 60 %) and apply heat until all white fumes are
Size Heating
driven off. Cool and weigh the crucible. The difference
Period, h
between this weight and the previous one indicates silicon
Sheets Under ⁄16 in. (1.59 mm), in thickness 2
present as silica. The results shall be expressed as a percentage
⁄16 and over in thickness 4
Tubes Under ⁄16 in. in wall thickness 2
of the weight of the dried specimen.
⁄16 in. and over in wall thickness 4
7.4 Report—Report the following information:
Rods Under ⁄16 in. (4.76 mm) in diameter 2
7.4.1 Identification of the material, and ⁄16 in. and over in diameter 4
7.4.2 The percentage by weight of silica.
8.4.1 Remove the specimens from the oven, cool in a
7.5 Precision and Bias:
desiccator, and weigh to the nearest 1 mg. The difference
7.5.1 This test method has been used for many years, but no
between the original weight and the final weight of the
information has been presented to ASTM upon which to base
specimens shall be considered as the volatile matter content.
a precision statement. No activity has been planned to develop
8.5 Calculation—Calculate the percentage of volatile mat-
such information.
ter content of the specimen as follows:
7.5.2 This test method has no bias because the value for
Volatile matter, % 5 @~W 2 W !/W # 3 100 (1)
1 2 2
...
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