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ASTM C201-93(1998)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories

Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the comparative thermal conductivity of refractories under standardized conditions of testing. This test method is designed for refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 Btu[dot]in./h[dot]ft [dot]°F (2818 W/m[dot]K), for a thickness of 1 in. (25 mm).  
1.2 Detailed ASTM test methods to be used in conjunction with this procedure in testing specific types of refractory materials are as follows: Test Method C182, Test Method C202, Test Method C417, and Test Method C767.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-1998
ICS
81.080 - Refractories
Technical Committee
C08 - Refractories
Drafting Committee
C08.02 - Thermal Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C201-93(2004) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories
Effective Date
01-Sep-2004
Referred By
ASTM C182-19 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Firebrick
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM C1676/C1676M-23 - Standard Specification for Microporous Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM C1470-20 - Standard Guide for Testing the Thermal Properties of Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM C767-20 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Refractories
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM C1113/C1113M-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories by Hot Wire (Platinum Resistance Thermometer Technique)
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM C1685-15(2021) - Standard Specification for Pneumatically Applied High-Temperature Fiber Thermal Insulation for Industrial Applications
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM C892-19 - Standard Specification for High-Temperature Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM C417-21 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Unfired Monolithic Refractories
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM C1058/C1058M-10(2023) - Standard Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998
Referred By
ASTM C202-19 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractory Brick
Effective Date
10-Sep-1998

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ASTM C201-93(1998) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of RefractoriesASTM C201-93(1998) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories
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ASTM C201-93(1998) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 201 – 93 (Reapproved 1998)
Standard Test Method for
Thermal Conductivity of Refractories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the com- 3.1 The thermal conductivity of refractories is a property
parative thermal conductivity of refractories under standard- required for selecting their thermal transmission characteris-
ized conditions of testing. This test method is designed for tics. Users select refractories to provide specified conditions of
refractories having a conductivity factor of not more than 200 heat loss and cold face temperature, without exceeding the
Btu·in./h·ft ·°F (2818 W/m·K), for a thickness of 1 in. (25 mm). temperature limitation of the refractory. This test method
1.2 Detailed ASTM test methods to be used in conjunction establishes the testing for thermal conductivity of refractories
with this procedure in testing specific types of refractory using the calorimeter.
materials are as follows: Test Method C 182, Test Method 3.2 This procedure requires a large thermal gradient and
C 202, Test Method C 417, and Test Method C 767. steady state conditions. The results are based upon a mean
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded temperature.
as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for 3.3 The data from this test method are suitable for specifi-
information only. cation acceptance, and design of multi-layer refractory con-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the struction.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.4 The use of these data requires consideration of the actual
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- application environment and conditions.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Apparatus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The apparatus shall conform in close detail with that
2. Referenced Documents
shown in the approved drawings. The equipment is shown in
2.1 ASTM Standards: Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, and the essential parts are as follows:
C 134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, 4.1.1 Heating Chamber—A heating chamber, shown in Fig.
and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating 3, shall be capable of being heated electrically over a tempera-
Firebrick ture range from 400 to 2800°F (205 to 1540°C) in a neutral or
C 155 Classification of Insulating Firebrick oxidizing atmosphere. The temperature of the heating unit shall
C 182 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Insulating be controlled by a mechanism capable of maintaining the
Firebrick temperature in the chamber constant to within 65°F (63°C). A
C 202 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractory silicon carbide slab 13 ⁄2 by 9 by 1 in. (342 by 228 by 25 mm),
Brick with the 13 ⁄2 by 9-in. (342 by 228 mm) faces plane and
C 417 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Unfired parallel, shall be placed above the sample for the purpose of
Monolithic Refractories providing uniform heat distribution. A layer of insulation
C 767 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Carbon equivalent at least to 1 in. (25 mm) of Group 20 insulating
Refractories firebrick (see Classification C 155) shall be placed below the
E 220 Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Com- calorimeter and guard plates.
parison Techniques 4.1.2 Calorimeter Assembly—A copper calorimeter assem-
bly, of the design shown in Fig. 4, shall be used for measuring
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-8 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on Thermal The complete set of approved drawings necessary for the construction of the
Stress Resistance. apparatus and suggested operating instructions, each of which requires too much
Current edition approved June 15, 1993. Published August 1993. Originally space to be included with this test method, were originally drafted by the Insulating
published as C 201 – 45. Last previous edition C 201 – 86e . Products Division of Babcock and Wilcox Co. ASTM has been advised that these
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01. drawings are no longer available. Subcommittee C08 .05 currently is taking this
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03. issue under advisement.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 201
4.1.4 Instruments for Measuring Temperature of
Specimen—Calibrated thermocouples shall be embedded in
the test specimen for measuring the temperature. The
electromo-tive force (emf) for the temperature readings shall
be taken with a potentiometer having an instrument error of not
more than 60.05 mV, and the cold junctions of the thermo-
couples shall be immersed in a mixture of ice and water.
4.1.5 Instrument for Measuring Temperature Rise in Calo-
rimeter Water—A multiple differential thermocouple shall be
used for measuring within an accuracy of not less than 1 % of
the temperature rise of the water flowing through the calorim-
eter. The thermocouple shall be immersed at least 3 ⁄2 in. (89
mm) in the inlet and outlet connections, and the junctions shall
be not more than ⁄4in. (6 mm) distant from the bottom of the
calorimeter. A calibrated differential 10X copper-constantan
thermocouple shall be used, and the millivolt readings shall be
taken with a potentiometer having an instrument error of not
more than 60.01 mV in the range between 0 and 2 mV.
4.1.6 Instruments for Measuring Temperature Difference
Between Calorimeter and Inner Guard—Calibrated differential
10X copper-constantan thermocouples shall be located in the
calorimeter and inner guard for measuring the temperature
differences between the calorimeter and inner guard. The
temperature difference during a test shall be maintained at a
value less than 60.05°F (60.03°C). The thermocouple junc-
tions shall be placed in the four wells provided for that
purpose, and millivolt readings shall be taken with a potenti-
ometer having an instrument error of not more than 60.01 mV
in the range between 0 and 2 mV.
NOTE 1—The upper half of the heating chamber has been raised to
5. Test Sample and Its Preparation
permit introduction of the test samples.
5.1 Test Sample—The test sample shall consist of three 9-in.
FIG. 1 Photograph of Thermal Conductivity Apparatus
1 1
(228-mm) straight brick and six 9 by 2 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄4-in. (228 by 64
by 57-mm) soap brick (Note 2) that are representative of the
material being tested. These brick shall be selected for unifor-
the quantity of heat flowing through the test specimen. The
mity of structure and bulk density, and they shall be free of
water circulation is such that adjacent passages contain incom-
broken corners or edges. One brick shall be used as the test
ing and outgoing streams of water. The calorimeter shall be 3
specimen, and one each of the other two brick shall be used as
by 3 in. (76 by 76 mm) square and shall have one inlet and one
guard brick on either side of the specimen. The six soap brick
outlet water connection. The inner guard surrounding the
shall be placed around the edges of the test specimen and guard
calorimeter shall be 13 ⁄2 by 9 in. (342 by 228 mm) and shall
brick to prevent side flow of heat. The test specimen and guard
have two inlet and two outlet water connections. The outer
brick shall cover an area of approximately 18 by 13 ⁄2 in. (456
guard shall extend 2 in. (51 mm) laterally from the inner guard
by 342 mm).
and shall extend vertically to the member comprising the
NOTE 1—A total of nine 9-in. (228-mm) straight brick may be submit-
bottom of the heating chamber (see Fig. 3). The separation
ted for test, six of which would be cut to obtain the soap brick.
between the calorimeter and the inner guard shall be ⁄32 in. (0.8
5.2 Preparation of Test Sample—The9by4 ⁄2-in. (228 by
mm).
114-mm) faces of the three straight br
...

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4.1 This test method was developed for use both by manufacturers as a process control tool for the production of AZS fusion-cast refractories, and by glass manufacturers in the selection of refractories and design of glass-melting furnaces.  
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2.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating the resistance of refractories in glass-melting furnace superstructures to vapor attack. This test method may also be useful for evaluating refractories in other applications where vapor attack occurs.  
2.2 An electric-heated furnace is recommended. Water vapor and other atmospheric components in a gas- or fuel-fired furnace may participate in the chemical and physical reactions being studied. Results may differ, therefore, depending upon the nature and type of firing employed.  
2.3 The degree of correlation between this test method and service performance is not fully determinable. This is intended to be an accelerated test method that generates a substantial degree of reaction in a relatively short amount of time. This acceleration may be accomplished by changing the composition and/or concentration of the reactants, increasing temperatures, or by performing the test in an isothermal environment.  
2.4 Since the test method may not accurately simulate the service environment, observed results of this test method may not be representative of those found in service. It is imperative that the user understand and consider how the results of this test method may differ from those encountered in service. This is particularly likely if the reaction products, their nature, or their degree differ from those normally found in the actual service environment.  
2.5 It is incumbent upon the user to understand that this is an aggressive, accelerated test method and to be careful in interpreting the results. If, for example, the reaction species have never been found in a real-world furnace, then this test method should not necessarily be considered valid to evaluate the refractory in question.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the behavior of refractories in contact with vapors under conditions intended to simulate the environment within a glass-melting or other type of furnace when refractories are exposed to vapors from raw batch, molten glass, fuel, fuel contaminants, or other sources. This procedure is intended to accelerate service conditions for the purpose of determining in a relatively short time the interval resistance to fluxing, bloating, shrinkage, expansion, mineral conversion, disintegration, or other physical changes that may occur.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1407-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory Shapes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical linear measurements.  
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the average cross-sectional area.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas, volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory specimens.  
1.2 The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area over a length (L).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off