ASTM D4943-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the Wax Method (Withdrawn 2017)
Standard Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the Wax Method (Withdrawn 2017)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The term shrinkage limit, expressed as a moisture content in percent to the nearest whole number, represents the amount of water required just to fill all of the voids of a given cohesive soil at its minimum void ratio obtained by ovendrying. The shrinkage limit can be used to evaluate the shrinkage potential, crack development potential, and swell potential of earthwork involving cohesive soils.
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the shrinkage limit of soils.
1.2 The data obtained using this test method may also be used to calculate shrinkage ratio, volumetric shrinkage, and linear shrinkage.
1.3 This test method is applicable only for cohesive soils.
1.4 Since this test method is performed only on that portion of a soil which passes the No. 40 (425-μm) sieve, the relative consistency of this portion of the soil to the properties of the sample as a whole must be considered when using these procedures to evaluate the properties of a soil.
1.5 The shrinkage limit along with the liquid limit and plastic limit of soils are often collectively referred to as the Atterberg limits in recognition of their formation by Swedish soil scientist, A. Atterberg. These limits distinguish the boundaries of the several consistency states of cohesive soils.
1.6 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety hazards, see Section 7 and Note 4 and Note X1.1.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the procedure for determining the shrinkage limit of soils.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D18 on Soil and Rock, this test method was withdrawn in April 2017 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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Designation: D4943 − 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the Wax Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4943; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the shrinkage limit of soils.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 The data obtained using this test method may also be
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety
used to calculate shrinkage ratio, volumetric shrinkage, and
hazards, see Section 7 and Note 4.
linear shrinkage.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 This test method is applicable only for cohesive soils.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.4 Since this test method is performed only on that portion
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
of a soil which passes the No. 40 (425-µm) sieve, the relative
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
consistency of this portion of the soil to the properties of the
C702 PracticeforReducingSamplesofAggregatetoTesting
sample as a whole must be considered when using these
Size
procedures to evaluate the properties of a soil.
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design
1.5 The shrinkage limit along with the liquid limit and
3
plastic limit of soils are often collectively referred to as the and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Atterberg limits in recognition of their formation by Swedish
soil scientist,A.Atterberg. These limits distinguish the bound- Fluids
D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
aries of the several consistency states of cohesive soils.
Water Pycnometer
1.6 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
D6026.
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1.6.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
Plasticity Index of Soils
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
Construction Materials Testing
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
Data
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
methods for engineering design.
Sieves
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3. Terminology
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3.1 Definitions—All definitions are in accordance with Ter-
minology D653.
1 2
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and Density Characteristics of Soils. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2008.PublishedJuly2008.Originallyapproved the ASTM website.
3
in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4943 – 02. DOI: 10.1520/ The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
D4943-08. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4943 − 08
4. Summary of Test Method 6.10 Wax—Microcrystalline or other suitable wax mixture
which is not brittle when dry and does not shrink during
4.1 A sam
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D 4943–95 Designation:D4943–08
Standard Test Method for
1
Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the Wax Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4943; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Giventheconcernthatmercuryisahazardoussubstance,thistestmethodisofferedasanalternative
toTestMethodD427D427,whichisusedtodeterminetheshrinkagelimitandothershrinkagefactors
of soils using mercury (see Caution statement inTest Method D 427D 427). Since this test method has
been performed by only a few organizations to date, others are encouraged to perform both test
methodsandtoreporttheirfindingstoSubcommitteeD18.03.(SeeAppendixX1forarationaleofthis
test method.)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4943; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the shrinkage limit of soils.
1.2 The data obtained using this test method may also be used to calculate shrinkage ratio, volumetric shrinkage, and linear
shrinkage.
1.3 This test method is applicable only for cohesive soils.
1.4 Since this test method is performed only on that portion of a soil which passes the No. 40 (425-µm) sieve, the relative
consistency of this portion of the soil to the properties of the sample as a whole must be considered when using these procedures
to evaluate the properties of a soil.
1.5 The shrinkage limit along with the liquid limit and plastic limit of soils are often collectively referred to as the Atterberg
limits in recognition of their formation by Swedish soil scientist, A. Atterberg. These limits distinguish the boundaries of the
several consistency states of cohesive soils.
1.6The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7
1.6 All recorded and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.6.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/recordedandcalculatedinthisstandardareregardedastheindustry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained.The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific safety hazards, see Section 7 , Note 1, and Note X1.1. and Note 4.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D-18 D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 onTexture, Plasticity
and Density Characteristics of Soils.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1995. Published November 1995. Originally published as D 4943–89. Last previous edition D 4943–89.
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2008.PublishedJuly2008.Originallyapprovedin1989.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2002asD4943 – 02.DOI:10.1520/D4943-08.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 04.02.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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