ASTM D2281-10(2016)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Wetting Agents by the Skein Test
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Wetting Agents by the Skein Test
ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the efficiency of ordinary commercial wetting agents using the skein test. It is applicable under limited and controlled conditions, but does not necessarily yield information correlating with specific end uses. The apparatus is comprised of a hook of standard weight depending on the concentration of the wetting agents and an anchor which shall be a flat, cylindrical, lead slug of specific dimensions. The reagents shall consist of water, acid and base test solutions, and wetting agent. The average of at least four determinations of the sinking time for each concentration of wetting agent shall be obtained and presented in plots with logarithmic coordinates. Standard deviation based on six replicate determinations shall also be calculated for precision.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2,3 covers the determination of the efficiency of ordinary commercial wetting agents as defined in Terminology D459. This test method is applicable under limited and controlled conditions, but does not necessarily yield information correlating with specific end uses.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2281 − 10 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Wetting Agents by the Skein Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Apparatus
2,3
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the 4.1 Hook and Anchor:
efficiency of ordinary commercial wetting agents as defined in 4.1.1 Thehookofastandardweightandtheattachedanchor
Terminology D459. This test method is applicable under shall be prepared as follows: Bend a piece of No. 10 B&S gage
limited and controlled conditions, but does not necessarily copper wire about 2 ⁄16 in. (14.1 mm) long into the form of a
yield information correlating with specific end uses. hook as illustrated by A in Fig. 1 and then adjust the weight of
thebenthooktoexactly3.0g.Nickel,silver,andstainlesssteel
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
wire are even more suitable than copper for this purpose
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
because they are more corrosion resistant. The anchor, C, shall
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
be a flat, cylindrical, lead slug with a minimum weight of 40 g
and are not considered standard.
and shall have a diameter of 1 in. (25 mm) and a thickness of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
about ⁄16in.(4.7mm).Inthecenteroftheanchorsolderaloop
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of wire to serve as a small ring, or eye, for attaching the anchor
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to the hook with a fine linen thread, B, at a distance apart of ⁄4
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
in. (19 mm). If many products are to be tested, prepare at least
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
two hooks and anchors.
4.1.2 Inthecomparisonofwettingagentsatrialmustberun
2. Referenced Documents
to determine the surfactant concentration to give a meaningful
2.1 ASTM Standards:
result for sinking times between 1 min or less.
D459 Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents
5. Test Skein
3. Summary of Test Method
5.1 Test skeins for running the wetting evaluation can be
3.1 A weighted cotton test skein is dropped into a tall
purchased from an appropriate supplier. A Draves 40/2, 5 g
cylinder containing a wetting agent of known concentration
cotton skein is used for this testing method.
dissolved in water. The time required for the cotton skein to
6. Reagents
wet through and sink, relaxing the string stirrup to which it is
attached will be recorded as the sinking time. This time relates
6.1 Water—The quality of the water used in the testing of
to the speed at which the wetting agent works and can be used
wetting agents must be given careful consideration. The stock
to compare agents.
solution is best prepared with distilled or deionized water.
When it is not known under what conditions the wetting agent
is to be employed, distilled or deionized water may likewise be
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps
used for final solution.
and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.15 on
Physical Testing.
6.2 Wetting Agent—Normally prepare 1 L of 5 % active
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originally
stock solutions of the agents to be tested. Take aliquot portions
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2281 – 10. DOI:
10.1520/D2281-10R16.
of 10, 20, 50, and 100 g of the 5 % stock solution, transfer to
This test method is based on theAmericanAssociation ofTextile Chemists and
a 1-L volumetric flask, and dilute to the mark with distilled
Colorists Technical Manual, Test Methods—Physical Properties, Wetting Agents,
water. This corresponds, respectively, to concentrations of
Evaluation of, Standard Test Method 17 – 1952, Vol XXXIX, 1963, pp. B-133-B-
135, which is also American National Standard L 14.11 – 1956 of the American 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 % of wetting agent. This range of
National Standards Institute.
Draves, C. Z., and Clarkson, R. G., “A New Method for the Evaluation of
Wetting Agents,” American Dyestuff Reporter, Vol 20, 1931, pp. 201–208. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or isTestfabrics, Inc., 415 DelawareAve. P.O. Box 26,West Pittston, PA18643. If you
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of t
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2281 − 10 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Wetting Agents by the Skein Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Apparatus
2,3
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the 4.1 Hook and Anchor:
efficiency of ordinary commercial wetting agents as defined in 4.1.1 The hook of a standard weight and the attached anchor
Terminology D459. This test method is applicable under shall be prepared as follows: Bend a piece of No. 10 B&S gage
limited and controlled conditions, but does not necessarily copper wire about 2 ⁄16 in. (14.1 mm) long into the form of a
yield information correlating with specific end uses. hook as illustrated by A in Fig. 1 and then adjust the weight of
the bent hook to exactly 3.0 g. Nickel, silver, and stainless steel
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
wire are even more suitable than copper for this purpose
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
because they are more corrosion resistant. The anchor, C, shall
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
be a flat, cylindrical, lead slug with a minimum weight of 40 g
and are not considered standard.
and shall have a diameter of 1 in. (25 mm) and a thickness of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
about ⁄16 in. (4.7 mm). In the center of the anchor solder a loop
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of wire to serve as a small ring, or eye, for attaching the anchor
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to the hook with a fine linen thread, B, at a distance apart of ⁄4
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
in. (19 mm). If many products are to be tested, prepare at least
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
two hooks and anchors.
4.1.2 In the comparison of wetting agents a trial must be run
2. Referenced Documents
to determine the surfactant concentration to give a meaningful
2.1 ASTM Standards:
result for sinking times between 1 min or less.
D459 Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents
5. Test Skein
3. Summary of Test Method
5.1 Test skeins for running the wetting evaluation can be
3.1 A weighted cotton test skein is dropped into a tall
purchased from an appropriate supplier. A Draves 40/2, 5 g
cylinder containing a wetting agent of known concentration
cotton skein is used for this testing method.
dissolved in water. The time required for the cotton skein to
6. Reagents
wet through and sink, relaxing the string stirrup to which it is
attached will be recorded as the sinking time. This time relates
6.1 Water—The quality of the water used in the testing of
to the speed at which the wetting agent works and can be used
wetting agents must be given careful consideration. The stock
to compare agents.
solution is best prepared with distilled or deionized water.
When it is not known under what conditions the wetting agent
is to be employed, distilled or deionized water may likewise be
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps
used for final solution.
and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.15 on
Physical Testing.
6.2 Wetting Agent—Normally prepare 1 L of 5 % active
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originally
stock solutions of the agents to be tested. Take aliquot portions
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2281 – 10. DOI:
10.1520/D2281-10R16.
of 10, 20, 50, and 100 g of the 5 % stock solution, transfer to
This test method is based on the American Association of Textile Chemists and
a 1-L volumetric flask, and dilute to the mark with distilled
Colorists Technical Manual, Test Methods—Physical Properties, Wetting Agents,
water. This corresponds, respectively, to concentrations of
Evaluation of, Standard Test Method 17 – 1952, Vol XXXIX, 1963, pp. B-133-B-
0.05, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 % of wetting agent. This range of
135, which is also American National Standard L 14.11 – 1956 of the American
National Standards Institute.
Draves, C. Z., and Clarkson, R. G., “A New Method for the Evaluation of
Wetting Agents,” American Dyestuff Reporter, Vol 20, 1931, pp. 201–208. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or is Testfabrics, Inc., 415 Delaware Ave. P.O. Box 26, West Pittston, PA 18643. If you
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
the ASTM website. responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
Copyright © AST
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2281 − 10 D2281 − 10 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Wetting Agents by the Skein Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
2,3
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the efficiency of ordinary commercial wetting agents as defined in
Terminology D459. This test method is applicable under limited and controlled conditions, but does not necessarily yield
information correlating with specific end uses.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D459 Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 A weighted cotton test skein is dropped into a tall cylinder containing a wetting agent of known concentration dissolved in
water. The time required for the cotton skein to wet through and sink, relaxing the string stirrup to which it is attached will be
recorded as the sinking time. This time relates to the speed at which the wetting agent works and can be used to compare agents.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Hook and Anchor:
4.1.1 The hook of a standard weight and the attached anchor shall be prepared as follows: Bend a piece of No. 10 B&S gage
copper wire about 2 ⁄16 in. (14.1 mm) long into the form of a hook as illustrated by A in Fig. 1 and then adjust the weight of the
bent hook to exactly 3.0 g. Nickel, silver, and stainless steel wire are even more suitable than copper for this purpose because they
are more corrosion resistant. The anchor, C, shall be a flat, cylindrical, lead slug with a minimum weight of 40 g and shall have
a diameter of 1 in. (25 mm) and a thickness of about ⁄16 in. (4.7 mm). In the center of the anchor solder a loop of wire to serve
as a small ring, or eye, for attaching the anchor to the hook with a fine linen thread, B, at a distance apart of ⁄4 in. (19 mm). If
many products are to be tested, prepare at least two hooks and anchors.
4.1.2 In the comparison of wetting agents a trial must be run to determine the surfactant concentration to give a meaningful
result for sinking times between 1 min or less.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.15 on Physical
Testing.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010July 1, 2016. Published September 2010August 2016. Originally approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 20052010
as D2281 – 68 (2005).D2281 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/D2281-10.10.1520/D2281-10R16.
This test method is based on the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists Technical Manual, Test Methods—Physical Properties, Wetting Agents,
Evaluation of, Standard Test Method 17 – 1952, Vol XXXIX, 1963, pp. B-133-B-135, which is also American National Standard L 14.11 – 1956 of the American National
Standards Institute.
Draves, C. Z., and Clarkson, R. G., “A New Method for the Evaluation of Wetting Agents,” American Dyestuff Reporter, Vol 20, 1931, pp. 201–208.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2281 − 10 (2016)
FIG. 1 Hook and Anchor
5. Test Skein
5.1 Test skeins for running the wetting evaluation can be purchased from an appropriate supplier. A Draves 40/2, 5 g cotton
skein is used for this testing method.
6. Reagents
6.1 Water—The quality of the water used in the testing of wetting agents must be given careful consideration. The stock solution
is best prepared with distilled or deionized water. When it is not known under what conditions the wetting agent is to be employed,
distilled or deionized water may likewise be used for final solution.
6.2 Wetting Agent—Normally prepare 1 L of 5 % active stock solutions of the agents to be tested. Take aliquot portions of 10,
20, 50, and 100 g of the 5 % stock solution, transfer to a 1-L volumetric flask, and dilute to the mark with distilled water. This
corresponds, respectively, to concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 % of wetting agent. This range of
...
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