ASTM D459-00(2007)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents
Standard Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D 459 – 00 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Terminology Relating to
,
1 2
Soaps and Other Detergents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope active ingredient of a synthetic detergent—the organic
surface-active material present in the detergent.
1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.
active oxygen—in cleaning compounds, the oxidizing power
2. Referenced Documents of oxygen present as peroxide or other active oxygen-
containingmoietiesinsolutionexpressedasoxygen(equiva-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
lent weight 8.00).
D460 Test Methods for Sampling and Chemical Analysis
alkaline detergent—under detergent, see inorganic alkaline
of Soaps and Soap Products
detergent.
D820 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Con-
alkyl benzene sulfonate (in the context of soaps and
taining Synthetic Detergents
detergents)—the detergent produced by sulfonating deter-
D2330 Test Method for Methylene BlueActive Substances
gent alkylate; any surface-active substance having the mo-
D2667 Test Method for Biodegradability of Alkylbenzene
lecular structure of a benzene sulfonic acid having as a ring
Sulfonates
substituent(s) an alkyl group(s) sufficiently large to confer
D2960 Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Natu-
detergent properties.
rally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances
ampholytic surfactant or amphoteric surfactant—see surface-
D4265 Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performance
active agent.
in Home Laundering
anhydrous soap—under soap, see anhydrous soap.
D5548 Guide for Evaluating Color Transfer or Color Loss
anionic detergent—under detergent, see anionic detergent.
of Dyed Fabrics in Laundering
artificially soiled cloth (sometimes called “standard soiled
3. Terms and Definitions
cloth”)—clothsoiledwithoneormorematerialsandusedto
evaluate the effectiveness of detergents or washing equip-
ABS—an abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate. Although
ment.
strictly speaking this might apply to any such compound,
available chlorine in cleaning compounds—the oxidizing
present practice is to use it for those containing branched
power of chlorine present as hypochlorite or other oxidizing
chains. (See LAS).
chlorine moieties in solution, expressed as chlorine of
acid-wash color—the color developed in the separated acid
equivalent weight 35.45, and as determined by thiosulfate
when a sample of detergent alkylate is agitated with sulfuric
titration.
acid under the conditions prescribed by the method.
bathroom soil—the soil composed of water insoluble, or
practically insoluble, materials or a mixture of these mate-
rials, present on typical bathroom surfaces other than those
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D12 on Soaps
of floors and toilets. A major component of this soil is the
and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.32 on
insoluble precipitate, commonly referred to as “soap scum,”
Nomenclature and Definitions.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originally that is deposited when soap is used in hard water.
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D459-00.
blended soap—under soap, see blended soap.
A “Handbook of Industry Terms” is available from the Soap and Detergent
brightener—see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
Association, 475 Park Ave. S., New York, NY 10016. This is an essentially
brightening agent—see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
nontechnical list of definitions of interest to the soap and detergent industry. It is
referenced here for information purposes only.
buffer action—the resistance of a solution to change in pH.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
builder—a material added to a soap or synthetic detergent
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
formulation that enhances or maintains the cleaning effi-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ciency of the surfactant, principally by inactivating water
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 459 – 00 (2007)
hardness either by sequestration, precipitation, or ion ex- phases in the cleaning tank, namely, a solvent layer and an
change. Other functions, depending on the performance aqueous layer, which cleans by solvent action and emulsifi-
capability of the builder compound used, include supplying cation.
alkalinity, buffering to maintain alkalinity at effective clean- dispersing agent—a material that increases the stability of a
ing levels, helping to keep removed soil in suspension, and suspension of particles in a liquid medium.
emulsifying oily soils. dry cleaning—under cleaning, see dry cleaning.
built soap—under soap, see built soap. dry-cleaning detergent—under detergent, see dry-cleaning
cationic detergent—under detergent, see cationic detergent. detergent.
chelating agent—a sequestering or complexing agent that, in EDTA—a term used to designate the compound ethylene
aqueous solution, renders a metallic ion inactive through the diamine tetraacetic acid having the structural formula:
formation of an inner ring structure with the ion.
HOOC—CH CH COOH
2 2
\/
cleaning—a process of removing undesirable matter.
NC H N
2 4
dry cleaning—cleaning fabrics in a substantially nonaque-
/\
ous liquid medium. HOOC—CH CH COOH
2 2
wet cleaning—a term used in the dry cleaning industry to
denote cleaning in an aqueous medium.
or any of its salts that may be specified, used as a sequestering agent.
complexing agent—see sequestering agent. emulsifying agent—a material that increases the stability of a
detergency—the removal of soil, using a detergent. dispersion of one liquid in another.
detergent—a composition that removes soil. emulsion—a suspension of fine particles or globules of one or
anionic detergent—a detergent that produces negatively more liquids in another liquid.
charged colloidal ions in solution. emulsion cleaner—a composition which forms an emulsion
cationic detergent—a detergent that produces positively capable of dissolving or suspending soil.
charged colloidal ions in solution. fabric—a fibrous material containing natural or synthetic
dry-cleaning detergent (charge-type)—a dry-cleaning deter- fibers, or both, in yarn form, interlaced in various configu-
gent used at a given percentage by volume that can pass rations (woven, knitted, or nonwovens).
through a diatomaceous earth-coated filter in the dry- fabric softener—a laundry auxiliary product or laundry deter-
cleaning system without change in composition. gent ingredient whose primary function is to give fabrics a
dry-cleaning detergent (dry-cleaning aid)—a detergent that soft feel, smooth surface, or reduce static electricity, or a
when added to a dry-cleaning solvent increases cleaning combination thereof.
effectiveness. fatty alcohol sulfate—the product obtained by treating a
dry-cleaning detergent (non-charge type)—anydry-cleaning one-chain fatty alcohol with a sulfonating agent, the major
detergent that is not of the charge type. constituent being the half sulfuric acid ester of the fatty
alcohol or a salt thereof.
inorganic alkaline detergent—a water-soluble inorganic al-
kali or alkaline salt having detergent properties, but contain- fatty matter, free—the sum of the free rosin acids and free
ing no soap or synthetics. fatty acids plus the unsaponified and unsaponifiable fatty
nonionic detergent—a detergent that produces electrically matter.
neutral-colloidal particles in solution. fatty matter, total—fatty and rosin acids plus unsaponified
synthetic detergent—a detergent produced by chemical syn- and unsaponifiable fatty matter. This fatty matter is usually
thesis and comprising an organic composition other than isolated from an acidic 50/50 volume percent solution of
soap. ethanol and water by extraction with petroleum ether, as per
detergent—aformulatedcleaningcomposition,generallycon- Test Method D460 and Test Methods D820.
taining one or more surfactant(s) as the essential compo- fatty matter, unsaponifiable—fatty matter (other than acids)
nent(s). However, under detergent, see inorganic alkaline that contain no saponifiable esters, such as fatty alcohols,
detergent. Imprecisely, the terms detergent and surfactant and mineral oil.
have been used interchangeably. fatty matter, unsaponified—fatty matter containing saponifi-
dry-cleaning detergent—a formulated composition added to able esters, such as fatty oils, glycerides, and lanolin.
the solvent bath in dry-cleaning operations to improve filler—amaterialaddedtosoaporotherdetergentthatdoesnot
cleaning. improve its attractiveness or its effectiveness under the
inorganic alkaline detergent—a formulated cleaning com- conditions of use.
position containing water-soluble alkali or alkaline salts, but fluorescent whitening agents (FWA)—(optical bleach, fluo-
generally no surfactants. rescent brightener) complex, organic molecules that adhere
detergent alkylate—a mixture of alkylated aromatic hydro- tofabricsasthoughtheyweredyes.Ultraviolet(UV)energy
carbonswhichwhensulfonatedyieldsanalkylarylsulfonate is absorbed, converted, and emitted as visible blue light to
detergent. The term usually refers to an alkyl benzene in enhancefabricappearanceandmaintainwhitenessorbright-
which the alkyl radical is a mixture of straight-chain and ness.
isomeric branched-chain groups, averaging 10 or more foam—a mass of bubbles formed on liquids by agitation.
carbon atoms. foaming agent—a material that increases the stability of a
diphase metal cleaner—a composition which produces two suspension of gas bubbles in a liquid medium.
D 459 – 00 (2007)
FWAbuildup—the course of change in fluorescence emission load, using a given FWA, a designated formulation system,
intensity or fluorescence shade or both, using specified and specified conditions.
exhaust procedure:
home laundering—the process of cleaning and restoring
(1) for a specified number of successive applications of textilematerialstoaserviceableconditionusingthewashing
FWA, or
and drying equipment commonly found in the home.
(2) byvaryingtheFWAconcentrationinaseriesofsingle
hydrophilic (literally, water-loving)—a descriptive term ap-
applications.
plied to the group or radical of a surfactant molecule that
makes or tends to make it soluble in water.
FWA exhaust efficiency—a measure of FWA substantivity as
expressed by: hydrophobic (literally, water-averting)—a descriptive term
(1) exhaust coefficient (E.C.)—the ratio of FWAconcen- applied to the moiety of a surfactant molecule that makes it,
tration taken up by unprewhitened substrate, (wt of FWA or tends to make it, insoluble in water.
(s)/wt of substrate) to that concentration of FWA remaining
hydrotropy—theincreaseinsolubilityofasubstancewhichis
in the bath, (wt of FWA (b)/wt of bath) under specified onlyslightlysolubleinanaqueoussystembytheadditionof
application conditions. a third substance. This third substance is called a “hydro-
trope” or “hydrotropic agent.”
wtFWA ~s!/wtsubstrate
E.C. 5
inorganic alkaline detergent—under detergent, see inorganic
wtFWA ~b!/wtbath
alkaline detergent.
interfacial tension—theforceexistinginaliquid-liquidphase
(2) percent exhaust (%E)—the ratio of FWA on the
interfacethattendstodiminishtheareaoftheinterface.This
substrate (wt FWA (s)) obtained under specified conditions
force, which is analogous to the surface tension of liquid-
to the total FWA introduced in the original bath (wt FWA
vapor interfaces, acts at each point on the interface in the
(o)).
plane tangent at that point.
FWA fastness (on substrate)—degree of change in fluores-
LAS—anabbreviationforalkylbenzenesulfonateinwhichthe
cenceemissionintensityorfluorescenceshadeorboth,when
alkyl radical is a straight chain.
a substrate containing FWA is exposed for a specific length
lather—a foam or froth when a detergent is agitated in water
of time to any specified natural or artificial environment.
or other liquid.
FWA fluorescence emission intensity—the difference be-
laundering—a process intended to remove soils or stains, or
tween the Z (CIE standard observer) tri-stimulus value of a
both, by washing in an aqueous detergent solution, that
sample treated with FWA and that of the untreated sample
normally includes subsequent rinsing, extracting, and dry-
under standardized illumination conditions (D ) and view-
ing. (See Guide D5548.)
ing conditions (CIE approved geometry) for any specified
laundry additive—aseparatelyaddedproductthatcontributes
substrate and specimen presentation techniques.
to the effectiveness of laundering or provides a specialized
FWA fluorescence shade—(1) the perceived direction of the
function, or both. (See Guide D5548.)
shift in hue caused by the addition of an FWA to any
methylene blue active substances (MBAS)—compoundsthat
specified near-white substrate (psychological definition), or
react with methylene blue, a cationic dye, causing it to
(2) the wave length at which an extension of the line
transfer from an aqueous solution to an immiscible organic
connectingthepointsonaCIEdiagramcorrespondingtothe
liquid upon equilibration under conditions such as those
chromaticity coordinates (measured under standardized illu-
described in Test Method D2330. The reactive compounds
mination conditions (D ) (CIE approved geometry)) of the
65 − +
areprincipallysurfactantsofthesulfonatetype(RSO ) Na ,
untreatedsubstratetothoseofthetreatedsubstrateintersects
− +
the sulfate ester type (ROSO ) Na , and sulfated nonionics
the spectrum locus (psychophysical definition).
− +
(RE OSO ) Na . Soaps are not included among the surfac-
n 3
FWA formulation-dependent fluorescence emission inten-
tants reactive to MBAS.
sity ratio—the fluorescence emission intensity obtained
neutral fat—the unsaponified and unsaponifiable matter that
with a given FWA on a specified substrate under specified
becomes included along with fatty acids in a diethyl ether
conditionsinadesignatedformulationsystemrelativetothat
extract of samples under analysis for soap content, as
obtained with the same FWAunder identical conditions in a
described in 25.2 of Test Method D460.
different formulation.
neutral soap—under soap, see neutral soap.
FWA levelness—the uniformity of distribution of FWA on
neutral white surface—a highly reflecting surface whose
substrate when applied by a specified method.
dif
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