Standard Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents <a href="#fn00002"></a>
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.
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Designation: D 459 – 08
Standard Terminology Relating to
,
1 2
Soaps and Other Detergents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope active ingredient of a synthetic detergent—the organic
surface-active material present in the detergent.
1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.
active oxygen—in cleaning compounds, the oxidizing power
2. Referenced Documents of oxygen present as peroxide or other active oxygen-
3
containingmoietiesinsolutionexpressedasoxygen(equiva-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
lent weight 8.00).
D460 Test Methods for Sampling and Chemical Analysis
alkaline detergent—under detergent, see inorganic alkaline
of Soaps and Soap Products
detergent.
D820 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Con-
alkyl benzene sulfonate (in the context of soaps and
taining Synthetic Detergents
detergents)—the detergent produced by sulfonating deter-
D2330 Test Method for Methylene BlueActive Substances
gent alkylate; any surface-active substance having the mo-
D2667 Test Method for Biodegradability of Alkylbenzene
lecular structure of a benzene sulfonic acid having as a ring
Sulfonates
substituent(s) an alkyl group(s) sufficiently large to confer
D2960 Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Natu-
detergent properties.
rally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances
ampholytic surfactant or amphoteric surfactant—see surface-
D4265 Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performance
active agent.
in Home Laundering
anhydrous soap—under soap, see anhydrous soap.
D5548 Guide for Evaluating Color Transfer or Color Loss
anionic detergent—under detergent, see anionic detergent.
of Dyed Fabrics in Laundering
artificially soiled cloth (sometimes called “standard soiled
3. Terms and Definitions
cloth”)—clothsoiledwithoneormorematerialsandusedto
evaluate the effectiveness of detergents or washing equip-
ABS—an abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate. Although
ment.
strictly speaking this might apply to any such compound,
available chlorine in cleaning compounds—the oxidizing
present practice is to use it for those containing branched
power of chlorine present as hypochlorite or other oxidizing
chains. (See LAS).
chlorine moieties in solution, expressed as chlorine of
acid-wash color—the color developed in the separated acid
equivalent weight 35.45, and as determined by thiosulfate
when a sample of detergent alkylate is agitated with sulfuric
titration.
acid under the conditions prescribed by the method.
bathroom soil—the soil composed of water insoluble, or
practically insoluble, materials or a mixture of these mate-
rials, present on typical bathroom surfaces other than those
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D12 on Soaps
of floors and toilets. A major component of this soil is the
and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.32 on
insoluble precipitate, commonly referred to as “soap scum,”
Nomenclature and Definitions.
Current edition approved July 15, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally that is deposited when soap is used in hard water.
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D459-00(2007).
blended soap—under soap, see blended soap.
2
A “Handbook of Industry Terms” is available from the Soap and Detergent
brightener—see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
Association, 475 Park Ave. S., New York, NY 10016. This is an essentially
brightening agent—see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
nontechnical list of definitions of interest to the soap and detergent industry. It is
referenced here for information purposes only.
buffer action—the resistance of a solution to change in pH.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
builder—a material added to a soap or synthetic detergent
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
formulation that enhances or maintains the cleaning effi-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ciency of the surfactant, principally by inactivating water
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D459–08
hardness either by sequestration, precipitation, or ion ex- phases in the cleaning tank, namely, a solvent layer and an
change. Other functions, depending on the performance aqueous layer, which cleans by solvent action and emulsifi-
capability of the builder compound used, include supplying ca
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D 459–00 (Reapproved 2007) Designation: D 459 – 08
Standard Terminology Relating to
,
1 2
Soaps and Other Detergents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology covers soaps and other detergents.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D460 Test Methods for Sampling and Chemical Analysis of Soaps and Soap Products
D820 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soaps Containing Synthetic Detergents
D2330 Test Method for Methylene Blue Active Substances
D2667 Test Method for Biodegradability of Alkylbenzene Sulfonates
D2960 Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Naturally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances
D4265 Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performance in Home Laundering
D5548 Guide for Evaluating Color Transfer or Color Loss of Dyed Fabrics in Laundering
3. Terms and Definitions
ABS—an abbreviation for alkyl benzene sulfonate. Although strictly speaking this might apply to any such compound, present
practice is to use it for those containing branched chains. (See LAS).
acid-washcolor—thecolordevelopedintheseparatedacidwhenasampleofdetergentalkylateisagitatedwithsulfuricacidunder
the conditions prescribed by the method.
active ingredient of a synthetic detergent—the organic surface-active material present in the detergent.
active oxygen— in cleaning compounds, the oxidizing power of oxygen present as peroxide or other active oxygen-containing
moieties in solution expressed as oxygen (equivalent weight 8.00).
alkaline detergent—under detergent, see inorganic alkaline detergent.
alkyl benzene sulfonate (in the context of soaps and detergents) —the detergent produced by sulfonating detergent alkylate;
any surface-active substance having the molecular structure of a benzene sulfonic acid having as a ring substituent(s) an alkyl
group(s) sufficiently large to confer detergent properties.
ampholytic surfactant or amphoteric surfactant —see surface-active agent.
anhydrous soap— under soap, see anhydrous soap.
anionic detergent— under detergent, see anionic detergent.
artificially soiled cloth (sometimes called “standard soiled cloth”)—cloth soiled with one or more materials and used to
evaluate the effectiveness of detergents or washing equipment.
available chlorine in cleaning compounds—the oxidizing power of chlorine present as hypochlorite or other oxidizing chlorine
moieties in solution, expressed as chlorine of equivalent weight 35.45, and as determined by thiosulfate titration.
bathroom soil—the soil composed of water insoluble, or practically insoluble, materials or a mixture of these materials, present
on typical bathroom surfaces other than those of floors and toilets.Amajor component of this soil is the insoluble precipitate,
commonly referred to as “soap scum,” that is deposited when soap is used in hard water.
blended soap— under soap, see blended soap.
brightener— see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
brightening agent— see fluorescent whitening agents (FWA).
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.32on
Nomenclature and Definitions.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D459-00.
Current edition approved July 15, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D459-00(2007).
2
A“Handbook of Industry Terms” is available from the Soap and DetergentAssociation, 475 ParkAve. S., NewYork, NY10016. This is an essentially nontechnical list
of definitions of interest to the soap and detergent industry. It is referenced here for information purposes only.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D459–08
buffer action—the resistance of a solution to change in pH.
builder—a material added to a soap or synthe
...
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