ASTM D7397-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Miniaturized Optical Method)
Standard Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Miniaturized Optical Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels is an index of the lowest temperature of their utility for certain applications. Wax crystals of sufficient quantity can plug filters used in some fuel systems.
Petroleum blending operations require a precise measurement of the cloud point.
This test method can determine the temperature of the test specimen at which wax crystals have formed sufficiently to be observed as a cloud with a resolution of 0.1°C.
This test method provides results that are equivalent to Test Method D5773/IP 446. The temperature results of this test method have been found to be warmer than those of Test Method D2500/IP 219 by an average of 0.49°C; however, no sample specific bias was observed.
Similar to Test Method D5773/IP 446, this test method determines cloud point in a shorter period of time than Test Method D2500/IP 219.
Note 1—In cases of samples with cloud points near ambient temperatures, time savings may not be realized.
Note 2—This test method eliminates most of the operator time required of Test Method D2500/IP 219.
Note 3—The only utility required by the apparatus described in this test method is electricity with power consumption of approximately 20 watts. The electric power can come from an alternating current source (wall receptacle) or direct current source such as a battery or a cigarette lighter plug in a vehicle.
Note 4—The apparatus described by this test method can be made much smaller and lighter than that of Test Methods D5773/IP 446 and D2500/IP 219, allowing full portability.
Note 5—The apparatus used in the 2006 interlaboratory study weighed approximately 1 kg and occupied the space of a small lunch box. See Section 13.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic instrument.
1.2 This test method covers the range of temperatures from –60 to +20°C with temperature resolution of 0.1°C; however, the range of temperatures included in the 2006 interlaboratory cooperative test program only covered the temperature range of –35 to +12°C. See Section 13.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7397 − 10
StandardTest Method for
Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Miniaturized Optical
1
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7397; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cloud 3.1 Definitions:
point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are
3.1.1 biodiesel, n—fuel comprising mono-alkyl esters of
transparent in layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic
long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal
instrument.
fats, designated B100.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Biodiesel is typically produced by a
1.2 This test method covers the range of temperatures from
reaction of vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as
–60 to +20°C with temperature resolution of 0.1°C; however,
methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to yield
the range of temperatures included in the 2006 interlaboratory
mono-esters and glycerin.The fuel typically may contain up to
cooperativetestprogramonlycoveredthetemperaturerangeof
14differenttypesoffattyacidsthatarechemicallytransformed
–35 to +12°C. See Section 13.
into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), n—blend of biodiesel fuel with
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the
standard.
volume percentage (as a whole number without the percentage
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sign) of biodiesel.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 cloud point, n—in petroleum products and biodiesel
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fuels, the temperature of a liquid specimen when the smallest
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
observable cluster of hydrocarbon crystals first occurs upon
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
cooling under prescribed conditions.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The cloud point occurs when the tem-
2
perature of the specimen is low enough to cause hydrocarbon
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products crystals to precipitate. In a homogeneous liquid, the cloud is
always noted first at the location in the specimen where the
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
specimen temperature is the lowest. The cloud point is the
Petroleum Products
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and temperature at which the crystals first occur, regardless of their
location in the specimen, and not after extensive crystallization
Petroleum Products
D5773 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products has taken place. The hydrocarbon crystals that precipitate at
lower temperatures are typically, but not excluded to, straight
(Constant Cooling Rate Method)
3
2.2 Energy Institute Standards: chain hydrocarbons commonly called “wax crystals.”
IP 219 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
IP 446 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
3.2.1 D2500/IP 219 equivalent cloud point, n—temperature
of a specimen, in integers, calculated by applying a bias and
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
rounding the result to the next lower integer (see 12.2).
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
3.2.1.1 Discussion—This test method produces results with
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
0.1°C resolution. Should the user wish to provide results with
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originally
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7397–08. DOI:
a similar format to Test Method D2500, then this calculation
10.1520/D7397-10.
can be performed (see 12.2). Some apparatus can perform this
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
calculation automatically.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
3.2.2 automatic cloud point, n—temperature of a specimen,
the ASTM website.
3 when the appearance of the cloud is determined under the
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk. conditions of this test method.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7397–08 Designation: D7397 – 10
Standard Test Method for
Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Miniaturized Optical
1
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7397; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cloud point of petroleum products and biodiesel fuels that are transparent
in layers 40 mm in thickness by an automatic instrument.
1.2 This test method covers the range of temperatures from –60 to +20°C with temperature resolution of 0.1°C; however, the
range of temperatures included in the 2006 interlaboratory cooperative test program only covered the temperature range of –35 to
+12°C. See Section 13.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D5773 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products (Constant Cooling Rate Method)
3
2.2 Energy Institute Standards:
IP 219 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
IP 446 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 biodiesel, n—fuel comprising mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,
designated B100.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Biodiesel is typically produced by a reaction of vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as
methanol or ethanol in the presence of a catalyst to yield mono-esters and glycerin. The fuel typically may contain up to 14
different types of fatty acids that are chemically transformed into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).
3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), n—blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the
volume percentage (as a whole number without the percentage sign) of biodiesel.
3.1.3 cloud point, n—in petroleum products and biodiesel fuels, the temperature of a liquid specimen when the smallest
observable cluster of hydrocarbon crystals first occurs upon cooling under prescribed conditions.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The cloud point occurs when the temperature of the specimen is low enough to cause hydrocarbon crystals
to precipitate. In a homogeneous liquid, the cloud is always noted first at the location in the specimen where the specimen
temperature is the lowest. The cloud point is the temperature at which the crystals first occur, regardless of their location in the
specimen, and not after extensive crystallization has taken place. The hydrocarbon crystals that precipitate at lower temperatures
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on
Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D7397–07. DOI:
10.1520/D7397-08.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7397–08. DOI:
10.1520/D7397-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D7397 – 10
are typically, but not excluded to, straight chain hydrocarbons commonly called “wax crystals.”
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to Thi
...
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