ASTM C71-00

Standard Terminology Relating to Refractories

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers terms particularly related to refractories and encompasses raw materials, manufacture, finished products, applications, and testing procedures.
1.2 When any of the definitions in this terminology are quoted or published out of context, editorially insert the limiting phrase "in refractories" after the dash following the term to properly limit the field of application of the term and definition.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Dec-2001
• ICS: 01.040.81 - Glass and ceramics industries (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 81.080 - Refractories
• Technical Committee: C08 - Refractories
• Drafting Committee: C08.92 - The Joseph E. Kopanda Subcommittee for Editorial, Terminology and Classification

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM C71-00a - Standard Terminology Relating to Refractories
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C1548-02(2020) - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio of Refractory Materials by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C1547-02(2022) - Standard Classification for Fusion-Cast Refractory Blocks and Shapes
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C1685-15(2021) - Standard Specification for Pneumatically Applied High-Temperature Fiber Thermal Insulation for Industrial Applications
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C24-09(2022) - Standard Test Method for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Materials
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C455-07(2022) - Standard Classification of Chrome, Chrome-Magnesia, Magnesia-Chrome, and Magnesia Brick
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E1602-03(2017) - Standard Guide for Construction of Solid Fuel Burning Masonry Heaters
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C1445-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Consistency of Castable Refractory Using a Flow Table
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C1656-13(2023) - Standard Guide for Measuring the Reactivity of Hydraulic Refractory Castables Using Exothermic Profile
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C892-19 - Standard Specification for High-Temperature Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation
• Effective Date: 10-Dec-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 71 – 00
Standard Terminology Relating to
Refractories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 71; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope formity in the usage of terms related to refractories, it can
never be complete because new terms are constantly arising.
1.1 This terminology covers terms particularly related to
The existence of this terminology does not preclude the use or
refractories and encompasses raw materials, manufacture,
misuse of any term in another context.
finished products, applications, and testing procedures.
1.2 When any of the definitions in this terminology are
4. Terminology
quoted or published out of context, editorially insert the
4.1 Definitions:
limiting phrase “in refractories” after the dash following the
term to properly limit the field of application of the term and
abrasion of refractories, n—wearing away of refractory
definition.
surfaces by the scouring action of moving solids.
acid refractories, n— see refractories, acid.
2. Referenced Documents
alumina-chromia brick, n—a refractory brick, which may be
2.1 ASTM Standards:
burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-
C 24 Test Method for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of
ture of a high-alumina raw material and chromic oxide
Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Materials
(Cr O ), with the alumina (Al O ) content being 50 % or
2 3 2 3
C 181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and
greater by weight and with chromic oxide (Cr O ) predomi-
2 3
High-Alumina Plastic Refractories
nating by weight among the other constituent oxides.
C 401 Classification of Alumina and Alumina-Silicate
anthracite-coal-base carbon refractory, n—see carbon refrac-
Castable Refractories
tory, anthracite-coal-base.
C 416 Classification of Silica Refractory Brick
basic refractories, n— see refractories, basic.
C 456 Test Method for Hydration Resistance of Basic
bat, v—to reject or discard a brick or shape.
Bricks and Shapes
binder, n—a substance added to a granular material to give it
C 492 Test Method for Hydration of Granular Dead-Burned
workability and green or dry strength.
Refractory Dolomite
bloating of refractories, v—substantial swelling produced by
C 860 Practices for Determining and Measuring Consis-
a heat treatment that causes the formation of a vesicular
tency of Refractory Concretes
structure.
C 909 Practice for Dimensions of a Modular Series of
bond fireclay, n—see fireclay, plastic or bond.
Refractory Brick and Shapes
burn, v—the heat treatment to which refractory materials are
subjected in the firing process.
3. Significance and Use
burning (firing) of refractories, v—the final heat treatment in
3.1 This terminology ensures that terms peculiar to refrac-
a kiln to which refractory brick and shapes are subjected in
tories are adequately defined so that other standards in which
the process of manufacture for the purpose of developing
such terms are used can be understood and interpreted prop-
bond and other necessary physical and chemical properties.
erly.
calcine, calcines, n—refractory material, often fireclay, that
3.2 This terminology is useful to those who are not conver-
has been heated to eliminate volatile constituents and to
sant with the terms related to refractories. However, it is also a
produce desired physical changes.
ready reference for those directly associated with refractories
calcined refractory dolomite, n—see dolomite, calcined re-
to resolve differences and ensure commonality of usage,
fractory.
particularly in the preparation of ASTM standards.
calcining of refractory materials, v—the heat treatment to
3.3 Although this terminology is intended to promote uni-
which raw refractory materials are subjected, preparatory to
further processing or use, for the purpose of eliminating
volatile chemically combined constituents and producing
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-8 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.92, The Joseph E.
volume changes.
Kopanda Subcommittee for Editorial and Terminology.
carbon-ceramic refractory, n—a manufactured refractory
Current edition approved June 10, 2000. Published June 2000. Originally
comprised of carbon (including graphite) and one or more
published as C 71 – 27. Last previous edition C 71 – 99a.
ceramic materials such as fireclay and silicon carbide.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C71
carbon refractory, n—a manufactured refractory comprised direct bonded basic brick, n—a fired refractory in which the
substantially or entirely of carbon (including graphite). grains are joined predominantly by a solid state diffusion
carbon refractory, anthracite-coal base, n— a manufactured mechanism.
refractory comprised substantially of calcined anthracite
DISCUSSION—The term “direct bond” was initially applied to fired
coal.
magnesia-chrome refractories.
carbon refractory, graphite-base, n—a manufactured refrac-
doloma-carbon refractory, n—a refractory brick manufac-
tory comprised substantially of graphite.
tured predominantly from a mixture of refractory-grade
carbon refractory, metallurgical-coke-base, n— a manufac-
doloma and 2 to 20 weight percent carbonaceous materials,
tured refractory comprised substantially of metallurgical
with resin, tar, pitch or a combination of these materials as
coke.
the bonding agent; the refractory-grade doloma may be
carbon refractory, petroleum-coke-base, n— a manufac-
either dead-burned dolomite, synthetic doloma, fused do-
tured refractory comprised substantially of calcined petro-
loma or combinations of these materials, and the carbon-
leum coke.
aceous material may be either graphite, carbon black, or a
castable, n—a combination of refractory grain and a suitable
combination of these materials.
amount of bonding agent that, after the addition of a proper
doloma, fused, n—refractory-grade material consisting pre-
liquid, is generally poured into place to form a refractory
dominantly of lime and magnesia which has solidified from
shape or structure which becomes rigid because of chemical
a fused or molten state.
action (see Classification C 401).
doloma-magnesia refractory, n—a refractory, which may be
chemically bonded brick, n— see unburned brick.
burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-
chrome brick, n—a refractory brick, which may be burned or
ture of refractory-grade doloma and refractory-grade mag-
unburned, manufactured predominantly or entirely of
nesia in which the refractory-grade doloma predominates by
refractory-grade chrome ore, and having a Cr O content of
2 3
weight.
30 % or greater (see also chromic oxide brick).
doloma refractory, n—a refractory manufactured predomi-
chrome-magnesia brick, n—a refractory brick, which may be
nantly of dead-burned dolomite, synthetic doloma, fused
burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-
doloma or combinations of these materials.
ture of refractory-grade chrome ore and refractory-grade
doloma, refractory-grade, n—a dead-burned or fused refrac-
magnesia in which the refractory-grade chrome ore predomi-
tory material consisting predominately of lime and magne-
nates by weight; the refractory-grade magnesia may be either
sia; the three principal types are dolomite, dead-burned;
seawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magnesia,
doloma, synthetic; and doloma, fused.
or a combination of these materials.
doloma, synthetic, n—a refractory-grade doloma which has
chrome ore, refractory-grade, n—a refractory ore consisting
been derived from blending magnesia and lime or dolomite
essentially of chrome-bearing spinel with only minor
and dead-burning to form a dense, hydration-resistant mate-
amounts of accessory minerals and having physical and
rial; and having a MgO content of 30 % to 80 % and
chemical properties suitable for making refractory products.
maximum CaO content of 70 %.
chromia-alumina brick, n—a refractory brick, which may be
dolomite, n—a carbonate rock consisting predominantly of
burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-
magnesium carbonate (MgCo ) and calcium carbonate
ture of chromic oxide (Cr O ) and a high-alumina raw
2 3
(CaCO ) in approximately an equal molecular ratio.
material, with the chromic oxide content being 50 % or 3
dolomite, dead-burned, n—a refractory grade doloma which
greater by weight and with alumina (Al O ) predominating
2 3
is obtained by burning dolomite above 1450°C long enough
by weight among the other constituent oxides.
to form a dense hydration-resistant material composed
chromic oxide brick—a refractory brick, which may be
primarily of lime and magnesia.
burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of chro-
erosion of refractories, n—wearing away of refractory sur-
mic oxide (Cr O ) and having a Cr O content of 90 % or
2 3 2 3
faces by the washing action of moving liquids.
greater (may also be called chromia brick).
firebrick, n—any type of refractory brick specifically fireclay
concrete, refractory, n—a hardened castable.
brick.
consistency, n—the degree of mobility of a refractory castable
firebrick, insulating, n—a refractory brick characterized by
as determined by Practices C 860.
low thermal conductivity and low heat capacity.
corrosion of refractories, n—destruction of refractory sur-
fireclay, n—an earthy or stony mineral aggregate that has as
faces by the chemical action of external agencies.
the essential constituent hydrous silicates of aluminum with
dead-burned, adj—the state of a basic refractory material
or without free silica, plastic when sufficiently pulverized
resulting from a heat treatment that yields a product resistant
and wetted, rigid when subsequently dried, and of suitable
to atmospheric hydration or recombination with carbon
refractoriness for use in commercial refractory products.
dioxide.
fireclay, nodular, n—a rock containing aluminous or ferrugi-
dead-burned magnesite, n— see magnesite, dead-burned.
nous nodules, or both, bonded by fireclay.
dead-burned refractory dolomite, n—see dolomite, dead-
burned refractory.
DISCUSSION—In some districts such clays are called “burley” or
diaspore clay, n—a rock consisting essentially of diaspore
“burley flint” clay.
bonded by fireclay.
C71
fireclay, plastic or bond, n—a fireclay of sufficient natural predominantly of a mixture of refractory-grade magnesia
plasticity to bond nonplastic materials. and 5 to 30 weight percent carbonaceous material, with
fireclay plastic refractory, n—a fireclay material tempered resin, tar, pitch, or a combination of these materials as the
with water and suitable for ramming into place to form a bonding agent; the refractory-grade magnesia may be either
monolithic furnace lining that will attain satisfactory physi- sea-water magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magne-
cal properties when subjected to the heat of furnace opera- sia, or a combination of these materials; and the carbon-
tion. aceous material may be either flake or vein graphite, carbon
flint fireclay, n—a hard or flint-like fireclay occurring as an black, or petroleum or metallurgical coke, or a combination
unstratified massive rock, practically devoid of natural of these materials.
plasticity and showing a conchoidal fracture. magnesia-chrome brick, n—a refractory brick, which may be
fused grain refractory, n—a refractory made predominantly burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-
from grain that has solidified from a fused or molten ture of refractory-grade magnesia and refractory-grade
condition. chrome ore in which the refractory-grade magnesia predomi-
fused or fusion cast refractory, n—a solidified material made nates by weight; the refractory-grade magnesia may be either
by melting refractory ingredients and pouring it into molds seawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magnesia,
(see also molten cast refractory). or a combination of these materials.
fused silica refractory, n—a product composed predomi- magnesia-doloma refractory, n—a refractory, which may be
nantly of fused, noncrystalline silica. burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-
grain magnesite, n—see magnesite, grain. ture of refractory-grade magnesia and refractory-grade do-
graphite-base carbon refractory, n—see carbon refractory, loma in which the refractory-grade magnesia predominates
graphite-base. by weight.
grog, n—a granular material produced from calcined or burned magnesia, fused, n—a refractory material consisting predomi-
refractories, usually alumina-silica. nantly of crystalline magnesium oxide which has solidified
grog fireclay mortar, n—raw fireclay mixed with calcined from a fused or molten state.
fireclay, or with broken fireclay brick, or both, all ground to magnesia, refractory, n—a dead-burned refractory material
suitable fineness. consisting predominantly of crystalline magnesium oxide.
ground fireclay, n—fireclay or a mixture of fireclays that have magnesia, refractory-grade, n—a dead-burned or fused re-
been subjected to no treatment other than grinding or fractory material consisting predominantly of crystalline
weathering, or both. magnesium oxide; the three principal types are magnesia,
ground fireclay mortar, n—a refractory mortar consisting of sea water; magnesite, dead-burned; and magnesia, fused.
finely ground raw fireclay. magnesia, sea water, n—a deadburned refractory-grade mag-
ground refractory material, double-screened, n—a refrac- nesia which has been derived from the treatment of sea water
tory material that contains its original gradation of particle or other brines.
sizes resulting from crushing, grinding, or both, and from magnesia-spinel brick, n—a refractory brick whose predomi-
which particles coarser and finer than two specified sizes nant component is sintered or fused magnesia and whose
have been removed by screening. lesser component is sintered, fused, or in situ formed
ground refractory material, single-screened, n—a refractory magnesium aluminate spinel (MgO · Al O ).
2 3
material that contains its original gradation of particle sizes magnesite, dead-burned, n—the granular product obtained by
resulting from crushing, grinding, or both, and from which burning (firing) magnesite or other substances convertible to
particles coarser than a specified size have been removed by magnesia, upon heating above 1450°C long enough to form
screening. dense, weather-stable granules suitable for use
...