ASTM C71-12(2018)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Refractories
Standard Terminology Relating to Refractories
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology ensures that terms peculiar to refractories are adequately defined so that other standards in which such terms are used can be understood and interpreted properly.
3.2 This terminology is useful to those who are not conversant with the terms related to refractories. However, it is also a ready reference for those directly associated with refractories to resolve differences and ensure commonality of usage, particularly in the preparation of ASTM standards.
3.3 Although this terminology is intended to promote uniformity in the usage of terms related to refractories, it can never be complete because new terms are constantly arising. The existence of this terminology does not preclude the use or misuse of any term in another context.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers terms particularly related to refractories and encompasses raw materials, manufacture, finished products, applications, and testing procedures.
1.2 When any of the definitions in this terminology are quoted or published out of context, editorially insert the limiting phrase “in refractories” after the dash following the term to properly limit the field of application of the term and definition.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C71 − 12 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Terminology Relating to
Refractories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C71; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
1.1 This terminology covers terms particularly related to 3.1 This terminology ensures that terms peculiar to refrac-
refractories and encompasses raw materials, manufacture, tories are adequately defined so that other standards in which
finished products, applications, and testing procedures. such terms are used can be understood and interpreted prop-
erly.
1.2 When any of the definitions in this terminology are
quoted or published out of context, editorially insert the 3.2 This terminology is useful to those who are not conver-
limiting phrase “in refractories” after the dash following the sant with the terms related to refractories. However, it is also a
term to properly limit the field of application of the term and ready reference for those directly associated with refractories
definition. to resolve differences and ensure commonality of usage,
particularly in the preparation of ASTM standards.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.3 Although this terminology is intended to promote uni-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
formity in the usage of terms related to refractories, it can
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
never be complete because new terms are constantly arising.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
The existence of this terminology does not preclude the use or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
misuse of any term in another context.
4. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.1 Definitions:
abrasion of refractories, n—wearing away of refractory
C24 Test Method for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of
Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Materials surfaces by the scouring action of moving solids.
C181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and
acid refractories, n—see refractories, acid.
High-Alumina Refractory Plastics
alumina-chromia brick, n—a refractory brick, which may be
C401 Classification of Alumina and Alumina-Silicate
burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-
Castable Refractories
ture of a high-alumina raw material and chromic oxide
C416 Classification of Silica Refractory Brick
(Cr O ), with the alumina (Al O ) content being 50 % or
2 3 2 3
C456 Test Method for Hydration Resistance of Basic Bricks
greater by weight and with chromic oxide (Cr O ) predomi-
2 3
and Shapes
nating by weight among the other constituent oxides.
C492 Test Method for Hydration of Granular Dead-Burned
Refractory Dolomite
angle of repose, n—the acute angle measured from the
C860 Test Method for Determining the Consistency of horizontal to the slope of a cone-shaped pile of free-flowing
Refractory Castable Using the Ball-In-Hand Test material.
C909 Practice for Dimensions of a Modular Series of Re-
anthracite-coal-base carbon refractory, n—see carbon
fractory Brick and Shapes
refractory, anthracite-coal-base.
basic refractories, n—see refractories, basic.
bat, v—to reject or discard a brick or shape.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.92 The Joseph E.
binder, n—a substance added to a granular material to give it
Kopanda Subcommittee for Editorial, Terminology, and Classification.
workability and green or dry strength.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally
approved in 1927. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C71 – 12. DOI:
bloating of refractories, v—substantial swelling produced by
10.1520/C0071-12R18.
2 a heat treatment that causes the formation of a vesicular
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
structure.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. bond fireclay, n—see fireclay, plastic or bond.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C71 − 12 (2018)
burn, v—the heat treatment to which refractory materials are seawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magnesia,
subjected in the firing process. or a combination of these materials.
burning (firing) of refractories, v—the final heat treatment in chrome ore, refractory-grade, n—a refractory ore consisting
essentially of chrome-bearing spinel with only minor
a kiln to which refractory brick and shapes are subjected in
the process of manufacture for the purpose of developing amounts of accessory minerals and having physical and
bond and other necessary physical and chemical properties. chemical properties suitable for making refractory products.
chromia-alumina brick, n—a refractory brick, which may be
calcine, calcines, n—refractory material, often fireclay, that
has been heated to eliminate volatile constituents and to burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-
ture of chromic oxide (Cr O ) and a high-alumina raw
produce desired physical changes.
2 3
material, with the chromic oxide content being 50 % or
calcined refractory dolomite, n—see dolomite, calcined
greater by weight and with alumina (Al O ) predominating
2 3
refractory.
by weight among the other constituent oxides.
calcining of refractory materials, v—the heat treatment to
chromic oxide brick, n—a refractory brick, which may be
which raw refractory materials are subjected, preparatory to
burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of chro-
further processing or use, for the purpose of eliminating
mic oxide (Cr O ) and having a Cr O content of 90 % or
volatile chemically combined constituents and producing
2 3 2 3
greater by weight (may also be called chromia brick).
volume changes.
concrete, refractory, n—a hardened castable.
carbon-ceramic refractory, n—a manufactured refractory
comprised of carbon (including graphite) and one or more
consistency, n—the degree of mobility of a refractory castable
ceramic materials such as fireclay and silicon carbide.
as determined by Test Method C860.
carbon refractory, n—a manufactured refractory comprised
corrosion of refractories, n—destruction of refractory sur-
substantially or entirely of carbon (including graphite).
faces by the chemical action of external agencies.
carbon refractory, anthracite-coal base, n—a manufactured
dead-burned, adj—the state of a basic refractory material
refractory comprised substantially of calcined anthracite
resulting from a heat treatment that yields a product resistant
coal.
to atmospheric hydration or recombination with carbon
dioxide.
carbon refractory, graphite-base, n—a manufactured refrac-
tory comprised substantially of graphite.
dead-burned magnesite, n—see magnesite, dead-burned.
dead-burned refractory dolomite, n—see dolomite, dead-
carbon refractory, metallurgical-coke-base, n—a manufac-
burned refractory.
tured refractory comprised substantially of metallurgical
diaspore clay, n—a rock consisting essentially of diaspore
coke.
bonded by fireclay.
carbon refractory, petroleum-coke-base, n—a manufactured
direct-bonded basic brick, n—a fired refractory in which the
refractory comprised substantially of calcined petroleum
grains are joined predominantly by a solid state diffusion
coke.
mechanism.
castable, n—a combination of refractory grain and a suitable
DISCUSSION—The term “direct bond” was initially applied to fired
amount of bonding agent that, after the addition of a proper
magnesia-chrome refractories.
liquid, is generally poured into place to form a refractory
doloma-carbon refractory, n—a refractory brick manufac-
shape or structure which becomes rigid because of chemical
tured predominantly from a mixture of refractory-grade
action (see Classification C401).
doloma and 2 to 20 % by weight carbonaceous materials,
castable, adj—capable of being formed into a shape or
with resin, tar, pitch, or a combination of these materials as
structure(typicallybypouringaftertheadditionofasuitable
the bonding agent; the refractory-grade doloma may be
liquid) and then becoming rigid because of chemical reac-
either dead-burned dolomite, synthetic doloma, fused
tion.
doloma, or combinations of these materials, and the carbo-
naceous material may be either graphite, carbon black, or a
chemically bonded brick, n—see unburned brick.
combination of these materials.
chrome brick, n—a refractory brick, which may be burned or
unburned, manufactured predominantly or entirely of doloma, fused, n—refractory-grade material consisting pre-
refractory-grade chrome ore, and having a Cr O content of
dominantly of lime and magnesia which has solidified from
2 3
30 % or greater (see also chromic oxide brick). a fused or molten state.
chrome-magnesia brick, n—a refractory brick, which may be doloma-magnesia refractory, n—a refractory, which may be
burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix- burned or unburned, manufactured predominantly of a mix-
ture of refractory-grade chrome ore and refractory-grade ture of refractory-grade doloma and refractory-grade mag-
magnesiainwhichtherefractory-gradechromeorepredomi- nesia in which the refractory-grade doloma predominates by
natesbyweight;therefractory-grademagnesiamaybeeither weight.
C71 − 12 (2018)
doloma refractory, n—a refractory manufactured predomi- fused silica refractory, n—a product composed predominantly
nantly of dead-burned dolomite, synthetic doloma, fused of fused, noncrystalline silica.
doloma, or combinations of these materials.
grain magnesite, n—see magnesite, grain.
doloma, refractory-grade, n—a dead-burned or fused refrac-
graphite-base carbon refractory, n—see carbon refractory,
tory material consisting predominately of lime and magne-
graphite-base.
sia; the three principal types are dolomite, dead-burned;
grog, n—a granular material produced from calcined or burned
doloma, synthetic; and doloma, fused.
refractories, usually alumina-silica.
doloma, synthetic, n—a refractory-grade doloma which has
grog fireclay mortar, n—raw fireclay mixed with calcined
been derived from blending magnesia and lime or dolomite
fireclay, or with broken fireclay brick, or both, all ground to
and dead-burning to form a dense, hydration-resistant mate-
suitable fineness.
rial; and having a MgO content of 30 % to 80 % by weight
ground fireclay, n—fireclay or a mixture of fireclays that have
and maximum CaO content of 70 % by weight.
been subjected to no treatment other than grinding or
dolomite, n—a carbonate rock consisting predominantly of
weathering, or both.
magnesium carbonate (MgCO ) and calcium carbonate
ground fireclay mortar, n—a refractory mortar consisting of
(CaCO ) in approximately an equal molecular ratio.
finely ground raw fireclay.
dolomite, dead-burned, n—a refractory-grade doloma which
ground refractory material, double-screened, n—a refrac-
is obtained by burning dolomite above 1450 °C long enough
tory material that contains its original gradation of particle
to form a dense hydration-resistant material composed
sizes resulting from crushing, grinding, or both, and from
primarily of lime and magnesia.
which particles coarser and finer than two specified sizes
erosion of refractories, n—wearing away of refractory sur-
have been removed by screening.
faces by the washing action of moving liquids.
ground refractory material, single-screened, n—a refractory
firebrick, n—any type of refractory brick specifically fireclay
material that contains its original gradation of particle sizes
brick.
resulting from crushing, grinding, or both, and from which
particles coarser than a specified size have been removed by
firebrick, insulating, n—a refractory brick characterized by
screening.
low thermal conductivity and low heat capacity.
gunning, v—an application technique that uses a pneumatic
fireclay, n—anearthyorstonymineralaggregatethathasasthe
means to transport a refractory material and place it onto a
essential constituent hydrous silicates of aluminum with or
cold or hot surface.
without free silica, plastic when sufficiently pulverized and
wetted, rigid when subsequently dried, and of suitable
gunning materials, refractory, n—mixtures of refractory
refractoriness for use in commercial refractory products.
aggregate and bond(s) specially prepared for gunning.
fireclay, nodular, n—a rock containing aluminous or ferrugi-
hydration resistance, n—the degree to which a refractory
nous nodules, or both, bonded by fireclay.
material resists chemical combination with water. This
DISCUSSION—In some districts, such clays are called “burley” or
resistance is measured by either Test Method C456 or Test
“burley flint” clay.
Method C492, whichever is applicable.
fireclay, plastic or bond, n—a fireclay of sufficient natural
insulating firebrick, n—see firebrick, insulating.
plasticity to bond nonplastic materials.
ladle brick, n—brick suitable for lining ladles used to contain
molten metal.
fireclay plastic refractory, n—a fireclay material tempered
with water and suitable for ramming into place to form a
magnesia brick, n—a refractory brick, which may be burned
monolithic furnace lining that will attain satisfactory physi-
or unburned, manufactured predominantly or entirely of
cal properties when subjected to the heat of furnace opera-
either seawater magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused
tion.
magnesia, or combinations of these materials.
flint fireclay, n—a hard or flint-like fireclay occurring as an
magnesia-carbon brick, n—a refractory brick manufactured
unstratified massive rock, practically devoid of natural
predominantly of a mixture of refractory-grade magnesia
plasticity and showing a conchoidal fracture.
and 5 to 30 % by weight carbonaceous material, with resin,
tar, pitch, or a combination of these materials as the bonding
fused grain refractory, n—a refractory made predominantly
agent;therefractory-grademagnesiamaybeeithersea-water
from grain that has solidified from a fused or molten
magnesia, dead-burned magnesite, fused magnesia, or a
condition.
combination of these materials; and the carbonaceous mate-
fused or fusion cast refractory, n—a solidifi
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