ASTM E1640-13(2018)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature By Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
Standard Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature By Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to locate the glass transition region and assign a glass transition temperature of amorphous and semi-crystalline materials.
5.2 Dynamic mechanical analyzers monitor changes in the viscoelastic properties of a material as a function of temperature and frequency, providing a means to quantify these changes. In ideal cases, the temperature of the onset of the decrease in storage modulus marks the glass transition.
5.3 A glass transition temperature (Tg) is useful in characterizing many important physical attributes of thermoplastic, thermosets, and semi-crystalline materials including their thermal history, processing conditions, physical stability, progress of chemical reactions, degree of cure, and both mechanical and electrical behavior. Tg may be determined by a variety of techniques and may vary in accordance with the technique.
5.4 This test method is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the assignment of a glass transition temperature (Tg) of materials using dynamic mechanical analyzers.
1.2 This test method is applicable to thermoplastic polymers, thermoset polymers, and partially crystalline materials which are thermally stable in the glass transition region.
1.3 The applicable range of temperatures for this test method is dependent upon the instrumentation used, but, in order to encompass all materials, the minimum temperature should be about −150°C.
1.4 This test method is intended for materials having an elastic modulus in the range of 0.5 MPa to 100 GPa.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard is similar to IEC 61006 except that standard uses the peak temperature of the loss modulus peak as the glass transition temperature while this standard uses the extrapolated onset temperature of the storage modulus change.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1640 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature By
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1640; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the assignment of a glass
D4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical
transition temperature (T ) of materials using dynamic me-
g
Properties
chanical analyzers.
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2 This test method is applicable to thermoplastic
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
polymers, thermoset polymers, and partially crystalline mate-
E1142Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
rials which are thermally stable in the glass transition region. E1363Test Method forTemperature Calibration ofThermo-
mechanical Analyzers
1.3 The applicable range of temperatures for this test
E1545Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition
method is dependent upon the instrumentation used, but, in
Temperature by Thermomechanical Analysis
order to encompass all materials, the minimum temperature
E1867Test Methods for Temperature Calibration of Dy-
should be about−150°C.
namic Mechanical Analyzers
E2254Test Method for Storage Modulus Calibration of
1.4 This test method is intended for materials having an
Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
elastic modulus in the range of 0.5 MPa to 100 GPa.
E2425Test Method for Loss Modulus Conformance of
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
2.2 Other Standards:
standard.
IEC 61006Methods of Test for the Determination of the
GlassTransitionTemperature of Electrical Insulating Ma-
1.6 This standard is similar to IEC 61006 except that
terials
standardusesthepeaktemperatureofthelossmoduluspeakas
the glass transition temperature while this standard uses the
3. Terminology
extrapolated onset temperature of the storage modulus change.
3.1 Definitions:
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 Specific technical terms used in this document are
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
defined in Terminologies D4092 and E1142 including Celsius,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dynamic mechanical analyzer, glass transition, glass transition
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
temperature, loss modulus, storage modulus, tangent delta,and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
viscoelasticity.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
4. Summary of Test Method
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 4.1 Aspecimen of known geometry is placed in mechanical
oscillationateitherfixedorresonantfrequencyandchangesin
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
the viscoelastic response of the material are monitored as a
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
function of temperature. Under ideal conditions, during
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
heating, the glass transition region is marked by a rapid
1 2
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE37onThermal For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10 on contact ASTM Customer service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Fundamental, Statistical and Mechanical Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved March 15, 2018. Published March 2018. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1640–13. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E1640-13R18. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1640 − 13 (2018)
TABLE 1 Modes for Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
decreaseinthestoragemodulusandarapidincreaseintheloss
modulus and tangent delta. The glass transition of the test Mechanical Response
Mode
specimenisindicatedbytheextrapolatedonsetofthedecrease Tension Flexural Torsional Compression
instoragemoduluswhichmarksthetransitionfromaglassyto Free/dec . . X .
Forced/res/CA . X X .
a rubbery solid.
Forced/fix/CA X X X X
Forced/fix/CS X X . X
5. Significance and Use
Free = free oscillation; dec = decaying amplitude; forced = forced oscillation;
5.1 This test method can be used to locate the glass
CA = constant amplitude; res = resonant frequency; fix = fixed frequency;
transition region and assign a glass transition temperature of
CS = controlled stress.
amorphous and semi-crystalline materials.
5.2 Dynamic mechanical analyzers monitor changes in the
viscoelastic properties of a material as a function of tempera-
7.2.3 Detector, for determining the dependent and indepen-
ture and frequency, providing a means to quantify these
dent experimental parameters, such as force (or stress), dis-
changes. In ideal cases, the temperature of the onset of the
placement (or strain), frequency, and temperature. Tempera-
decrease in storage modulus marks the glass transition.
tures should be measurable with an accuracy of 60.5°C, force
to 61%, and frequency to 60.1 Hz.
5.3 A glass transition temperature (T ) is useful in charac-
g
7.2.4 Temperature Controller and Oven, for controlling the
terizing many important physical attributes of thermoplastic,
specimen temperature, either by heating, cooling (in steps or
thermosets, and semi-crystalline materials including their ther-
ramps), or by maintaining a constant experimental environ-
mal history, processing conditions, physical stability, progress
ment. The temperature programmer shall be sufficiently stable
ofchemicalreactions,degreeofcure,andbothmechanicaland
to permit measurement of specimen temperature to 60.5°C.
electrical behavior. T may be determined by a variety of
g
The precision of the required temperature measurement is
techniques and may vary in accordance with the technique.
61.0°C.
5.4 This test method is useful for quality control, specifica-
7.2.5 Data Collection Device, to provide a means of
tion acceptance, and research.
acquiring, storing, and displaying measured or calculated
signals, or both. The minimum output signals require for
6. Interferences
dynamic mechanical analysis are storage modulus, loss
6.1 Because the specimen size will usually be small, it is
modulus, tangent delta, temperature and time.
essentialthateachspecimenbehomogeneousorrepresentative
of the material as a whole, or both. NOTE1—Someinstrumentssuitableforthistestmaydisplayonlylinear
or logarithm storage modulus while others may display either linear or
6.2 An increase or decrease in heating rates from those
logarithm storage modulus, or both. Care must be taken to use the same
specified may alter results.
modulus scale when comparing unknown specimens, and in the compari-
son of results from one instrument to another.
6.3 Atransition temperature is a function of the experimen-
7.3 Nitrogen, Helium or other gas supplied for purging
tal frequency, therefore the frequency of test must always be
purposes.
specified.(Thetransitiontemperatureincreaseswithincreasing
frequency.) Extrapolation to a common frequency may be
7.4 Calipers or other length measuring device capable of
accomplished using a predetermined frequency shift factor or
measuring dimensions (or length within) 60.01 mm.
assumingthefrequencyshiftfactorofabout8°Cperdecadeof
frequency. Such extrapolation shall be reported. 8. Precautions
8.1 Toxic and corrosive, or both, effluents may be released
7. Apparatus
when heating some materials and could be harmful to person-
7.1 The function of the apparatus is to hold a specimen of
nel and to apparatus.
uniform dimension so that the sample acts as the elastic and
8.2 Multiple Transitions—Under some experimental condi-
dissipative element in a mechanically oscillated system. Dy-
tions it is possible to have transitions secondary to the primary
namicmechanicalanalyzerstypicallyoperateinoneofseveral
glass transition. Secondary transitions may be related to the
modes. See Table 1.
glass transition of a second polymeric phase, melt processes,
7.2 The apparatus shall consist of the following:
crystallization, chemical reactions, the motion of groups pen-
7.2.1 Clamps,aclampingarrangementthatpermitsgripping
dent to the main backbone or the crankshaft motion of the
ofthespecimen.Samplesmaybemountedbyclampingatboth
polymer backbone.
ends (most systems), one end (for example, torsional
pendulum), or neither end (free bending between knife edges).
9. Samples
7.2.2 Oscillatory Stress (Strain), for applying an oscillatory
9.1 Samples may be any uniform size or shape, but are
deformation (strain) or oscillatory stress to the specimen. The
ordinarilyanalyzedinrectangularform.Ifsomeheattreatment
deformation may be applied and then released, as in freely
is applied to the specimen to obtain this preferred analytical
vibrating devices, or continuously applied, as in forced vibra-
form, such treatment should be reported.
tion devices.
9.2 Due to the numerous types of dynamic mechanical
Ferry, D., Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, John Wiley & Sons, 1980. analyzers,samplesizeisnotfixedbythistestmethod.Inmany
E1640 − 13 (2018)
one oscillation for each °C increase in temperature.
cases, specimens measuring between 1×5×20 mm and
1×10×50 mm are suitable.
11.5 Measure and record the storage modulus, from 30°C
below to 20°C above the suspected glass transition region.
NOTE 2—It is important to select a specimen size appropriate for both
thematerialandthetestingapparatus.Forexample,thicksamplesmaybe
required for low modulus materials while thin samples may be required
12. Calculation
for high modulus materials.
12.1 For the purpose of this test method
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1640 − 13 E1640 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature By
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1640; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the assignment of a glass transition temperature (T ) of materials using dynamic mechanical
g
analyzers.
1.2 This test method is applicable to thermoplastic polymers, thermoset polymers, and partially crystalline materials which are
thermally stable in the glass transition region.
1.3 The applicable range of temperatures for this test method is dependent upon the instrumentation used, but, in order to
encompass all materials, the minimum temperature should be about −150°C.
1.4 This test method is intended for materials having an elastic modulus in the range of 0.5 MPa to 100 GPa.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard is similar to IEC 61006 except that standard uses the peak temperature of the loss modulus peak as the glass
transition temperature while this standard uses the extrapolated onset temperature of the storage modulus change.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
E1363 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers
E1545 Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Thermomechanical Analysis
E1867 Test Methods for Temperature Calibration of Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
E2254 Test Method for Storage Modulus Calibration of Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
E2425 Test Method for Loss Modulus Conformance of Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
2.2 Other Standards:
IEC 61006 Methods of Test for the Determination of the Glass Transition Temperature of Electrical Insulating Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10 on Fundamental,
Statistical and Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013March 15, 2018. Published August 2013March 2018. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20092013
as E1640 – 09.E1640 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E1640-13.10.1520/E1640-13R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1640 − 13 (2018)
3.1.1 Specific technical terms used in this document are defined in TerminologyTerminologies D4092 and E1142 including
Celsius, dynamic mechanical analyzer, glass transition, glass transition temperature, loss modulus, storage modulus, tangent delta,
and viscoelasticity.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A specimen of known geometry is placed in mechanical oscillation at either fixed or resonant frequency and changes in the
viscoelastic response of the material are monitored as a function of temperature. Under ideal conditions, during heating, the glass
transition region is marked by a rapid decrease in the storage modulus and a rapid increase in the loss modulus and tangent delta.
The glass transition of the test specimen is indicated by the extrapolated onset of the decrease in storage modulus which marks
the transition from a glassy to a rubbery solid.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method can be used to locate the glass transition region and assign a glass transition temperature of amorphous
and semi-crystalline materials.
5.2 Dynamic mechanical analyzers monitor changes in the viscoelastic properties of a material as a function of temperature and
frequency, providing a means to quantify these changes. In ideal cases, the temperature of the onset of the decrease in storage
modulus marks the glass transition.
5.3 A glass transition temperature (T ) is useful in characterizing many important physical attributes of thermoplastic,
g
thermosets, and semi-crystalline materials including their thermal history, processing conditions, physical stability, progress of
chemical reactions, degree of cure, and both mechanical and electrical behavior. T may be determined by a variety of techniques
g
and may vary in accordance with the technique.
5.4 This test method is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.
6. Interferences
6.1 Because the specimen size will usually be small, it is essential that each specimen be homogeneous or representative of the
material as a whole, or both.
6.2 An increase or decrease in heating rates from those specified may alter results.
6.3 A transition temperature is a function of the experimental frequency, therefore the frequency of test must always be
specified. (The transition temperature increases with increasing frequency.) Extrapolation to a common frequency may be
accomplished using a predetermined frequency shift factor or assuming the frequency shift factor of about 8°C per decade of
frequency. Such extrapolation shall be reported.
7. Apparatus
7.1 The function of the apparatus is to hold a specimen of uniform dimension so that the sample acts as the elastic and
dissipative element in a mechanically oscillated system. Dynamic mechanical analyzers typically operate in one of several modes.
See Table 1.
7.2 The apparatus shall consist of the following:
7.2.1 Clamps, a clamping arrangement that permits gripping of the specimen. Samples may be mounted by clamping at both
ends (most systems), one end (for example, torsional pendulum), or neither end (free bending between knife edges).
7.2.2 Oscillatory Stress (Strain), for applying an oscillatory deformation (strain) or oscillatory stress to the specimen. The
deformation may be applied and then released, as in freely vibrating devices, or continuously applied, as in forced vibration
devices.
TABLE 1 Modes for Dynamic Mechanical Analyzers
Mechanical Response
Mode
Tension Flexural Torsional Compression
Free/dec . . X .
Forced/res/CA . X X .
Forced/fix/CA X X X X
Forced/fix/CS X X . X
Free = free oscillation; dec = decaying amplitude; forced = forced oscillation;
CA = constant amplitude; res = resonant frequency; fix = fixed frequency;
CS = controlled stress.
Ferry, D., Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, John Wiley & Sons, 1980.
E1640 − 13 (2018)
7.2.3 Detector, for determining the dependent and independent experimental parameters, such as force (or stress), displacement
(or strain), frequency, and temperature. Temperatures should be measurable with an accuracy of 60.5°C, force to 61 %, and
frequency to 60.1 Hz.
7.2.4 Temperature Controller and Oven, for controlling the specimen temperature, either by heating, cooling (in steps or ramps),
or by maintaining a constant experimental environment. The temperature programmer shall be sufficiently stable to permit
measurement of specimen temperature to 60.5°C. The precision of the required temperature measurement is 61.0°C.
7.2.5 Data Collection Device, to provide a means of acquiring, storing, and displaying measured or calculated signals, or both.
The minimum output signals require for dynamic mechanical analysis are storage modulus, loss modulus, tangent delta,
temperature and time.
NOTE 1—Some instruments suitable for this test may display only linear or logarithm storage modulus while others may display either linear or
logarithm storage modulus, or both. Care must be taken to use the same modulus scale when comparing unknown specimens, and in the comparison of
results from one instrument to another.
7.3 Nitrogen, Helium or other gas supplied for purging purposes.
7.4 Calipers or other length measuring device capable of measuring dimensions (or length within) 60.01 mm.
8. Precautions
8.1 Toxic and corrosive, or both, effluents may be released when heating some materials and could be harmful to personnel and
to apparatus.
8.2 Multiple Transitions—Under some experimental conditions it is possible to have transitions secondary to the primary glass
transition. Secondary transitions may be related to the glass transition of a second polymeric phase, melt processes, crystallization,
chemical reactions, the motion of groups pendent to the main backbone or the crankshaft motion of the polymer backbone.
9. Samples
9.1 Samples may be any uniform size or shape, but are ordinarily analyzed in rectangular form. If some heat treatment is applied
to the specimen to obtain this preferred analytical form, such treatment should be reported.
9.2 Due to the numerous types of dynamic mechanical analyzers, sample size is not fixed by this test method. In many cases,
specimens measuring between 1 × 5 × 20 mm and 1 × 10 × 50 mm are suitable.
NOTE 2—It is important to select a specimen size appropriate for both the material and the testing apparatus. For example, thick samples may be
required for low modulus materials while thin samples may be required for high modulus materials.
10. Calibration
10.1 Calibrate the storage modulus, loss modules, and temperature signals in accordance with Test Methods E1867, E2254, and
E2425, respectively.
11. Procedure
11.1 Mount the specimen in accordance with procedure recommended by the manufacturer.
11.2 Measure the length, width, and thickness of the specimen to an accuracy of 60.01 mm.
11.3 Maximum strain amplitude should be within the linear viscoelastic range of the material. Strains of less than 1 % are
recommended and should not exceed 5 %.
11.4 Conduct tests at a heating rate of 1°C/min and a frequency of 1 Hz. Other heating rates and frequencies may be used but
shall be reported.
NOTE 3—The glass transition temperature measured by dynamic mechanical measurements is dependent upon heating rate and oscillatory frequency.
The experimental heating rate and the frequency of oscillation should be slow enough to allow the entire specimen to reach satisfactory thermal and
mechanical equilibration. When the heating rate or oscillatory rate is high, the experimental time scale is shortened, and the apparent T is raised.
g g
Changing the time scale by a factor of 10 will generally result in a shift of about 8°C for a typical amorphous material. The effect of these variables on
the temperature of the tangent delta peak may be observed by running specimens at two or more rates and comparing the results (see Appendix X1).
NOTE 4—Where possible in automated systems, a minimum of one data point should be collected for each °C increase in temperature. At low and high
frequencies, use care in the selection of scanning rate and frequency rate; select test conditions and a data collection rate that will ensure adequate
resolution of the mechanical response of the specimen. For example, select a heating rate that allows the specimen to complete at least one oscillation
for each °C increase in temperature.
11.5 Measure and record the storage modulus, from 30°C below to 20°C above the suspected glass transition region.
12. Calculation
12.1 For the purpose of this test method the glass transition shall be taken as the extrapolated onset to the sigmoidal change in
the storage modulus observed in going from the hard, brittle region to the soft, rubbery region of the material under test.
NOTE 5—Storage modulus may be displayed on a linear or logarithmic scale. The reported glass transition temperature will differ depending upon the
E1640 − 13 (2018)
scale chosen. The scale type (for example, linear or logarithmic) shall be reported and must be the same for all parties comparing results.
12.1.1 Construct a tangent to the storage modulus curve below the transition temperature.
12.1.2 Construct a tangent to the storage modulus curve at the inflection point approximately midway through the sigmoidal
change associated with the transitions.
12.1.3 The temperature at which these tangent lines intersect is reported as the glass transition temperature, T (see Fig. 1).
gg
NOTE 6—Under special circumstances agreeable to all parties, other temperatures taken from the storage modulus, loss modulus, or tangent delta curve
may be taken to represent the temperature range over which the glass transition takes place. Among these alternative temperatures are the peak of the
loss modulus (T ) or tangent delta (T ) curves as illustrated in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, respectively. These temperatures are generally in the order T < T
l t g g l
< T .
t
12.2 For fixed frequency measurements at 1 Hz.
12.3 For measurements made at frequencies other than 1 Hz.
12.3.1 Using a predetermined frequency shift factor (k) (see Appendix X1), calculate the first approximation of the glass
transition temperature (T ') using Eq 1.
l
T F
T '5 T1 log (1)
l
k 1 Hz
T F
T '5 T1 log (1)
l
k 1 Hz
12.3.2 Calculate the glass transition temperature using Eq 2:
T T ' F
T 5 T1 log (2)
k 1 Hz
where:
k = Predetermined Frequency Shift Factor (see Appendix X1)
F = Frequency of Measurement (Hz)
T = Glass Transition Temperature Observed at Frequency F (K
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.