ASTM C623-21

Standard Test Method for Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by Resonance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test system has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems in the measurement of glass and glass-ceramics:  
4.1.1 Only minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus minimizing the possibility of fracture.  
4.1.2 The period of time during which stress is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds, making it feasible to perform measurements at temperatures where delayed elastic and creep effects proceed on a much-shortened time scale, as in the transformation range of glass, for instance.  
4.2 The test is suitable for detecting whether a material meets specifications, if cognizance is given to one important fact: glass and glass-ceramic materials are sensitive to thermal history. Therefore the thermal history of a test specimen must be known before the moduli can be considered in terms of specified values. Material specifications should include a specific thermal treatment for all test specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elastic properties of glass and glass-ceramic materials. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonance frequencies which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, density, and mechanical resonance frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material can be measured. Young's modulus is determined using the resonance frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonance vibrations. Young's modulus and shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio, the factor of lateral contraction.  
1.2 All glass and glass-ceramic materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic may be tested by this test method.2 The test method is not satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that represent inhomogeneities in the material; neither is it satisfactory when these materials cannot be prepared in a suitable geometry. Non-glass and glass-ceramic materials should reference Test Method E1875 for non-material specific methodology to determine resonance frequencies and elastic properties by sonic resonance.
Note 1: Elastic here means that an application of stress within the elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause an instantaneous and uniform deformation, which will cease upon removal of the stress, with the body returning instantly to its original size and shape without an energy loss. Glass and glass-ceramic materials conform to this definition well enough that this test is meaningful.
Note 2: Isotropic means that the elastic properties are the same in all directions in the material. Glass is isotropic and glass-ceramics are usually so on a macroscopic scale, because of random distribution and orientation of crystallites.  
1.3 A cryogenic cabinet and high-temperature furnace are described for measuring the elastic moduli as a function of temperature from –195 to 1200 °C.  
1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is determined for a piece with a particular geometry and density. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each piece need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonance frequency that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are within specified tolerances.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-May-2021
• ICS: 81.040.30 - Glass products
• ICS: 81.060.01 - Ceramics in general
• Technical Committee: C14 - Glass and Glass Products
• Drafting Committee: C14.04 - Physical and Mechanical Properties

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C623 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for
1
Glass and Glass-Ceramics by Resonance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C623; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3 A cryogenic cabinet and high-temperature furnace are
described for measuring the elastic moduli as a function of
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elastic
temperature from–195 to 1200°C.
properties of glass and glass-ceramic materials. Specimens of
1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is
thesematerialspossessspecificmechanicalresonancefrequen-
possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is
cies which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and
determined for a piece with a particular geometry and density.
geometry of the test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties
Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this
of a material can be computed if the geometry, density, and
frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each piece
mechanical resonance frequencies of a suitable test specimen
need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected
of that material can be measured. Young’s modulus is deter-
frequency range are known to include the resonance frequency
mined using the resonance frequency in the flexural mode of
that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are
vibration. The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found
within specified tolerances.
using torsional resonance vibrations. Young’s modulus and
shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio, the factor 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
of lateral contraction. standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.2 All glass and glass-ceramic materials that are elastic,
2
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
homogeneous,andisotropicmaybetestedbythistestmethod.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
The test method is not satisfactory for specimens that have
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cracks or voids that represent inhomogeneities in the material;
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
neither is it satisfactory when these materials cannot be
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
prepared in a suitable geometry. Non-glass and glass-ceramic
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
materials should reference Test Method E1875 for non-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
materialspecificmethodologytodetermineresonancefrequen-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
cies and elastic properties by sonic resonance.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 1—Elastic here means that an application of stress within the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
aninstantaneousanduniformdeformation,whichwillceaseuponremoval
ofthestress,withthebodyreturninginstantlytoitsoriginalsizeandshape
2. Referenced Documents
without an energy loss. Glass and glass-ceramic materials conform to this
2.1 Reference to these documents shall be the latest issue
definition well enough that this test is meaningful.
unless otherwise specified by the authority applying this test
NOTE 2—Isotropic means that the elastic properties are the same in all
method.
directionsinthematerial.Glassisisotropicandglass-ceramicsareusually
so on a macroscopic scale, because of random distribution and orientation 3
2.2 ASTM Standards:
of crystallites.
E1875Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio by Sonic Resonance
3. Summary of Test Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.04 on
3.1 This test method measures the resonance frequencies of
Physical and Mechanical Properties.
test bars of suitable geometry by exciting them at continuously
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2021.PublishedJuly2021.Originallyapproved
in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C623–92(2015). DOI:
3
10.1520/C0623-21. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
2
Spinner,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C623 − 92 (Reapproved 2015) C623 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for
1
Glass and Glass-Ceramics by Resonance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C623; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elastic properties of glass and glass-ceramic materials. Specimens of these
materials possess specific mechanical resonance frequencies which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and geometry of the
test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, density, and mechanical resonance
frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material can be measured. Young’s modulus is determined using the resonance
frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonance
vibrations. Young’s modulus and shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio, the factor of lateral contraction.
2
1.2 All glass and glass-ceramic materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic may be tested by this test method. The test
method is not satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that represent inhomogeneities in the material; neither is it
satisfactory when these materials cannot be prepared in a suitable geometry. Non-glass and glass-ceramic materials should
reference Test Method E1875 for non-material specific methodology to determine resonance frequencies and elastic properties by
sonic resonance.
NOTE 1—Elastic here means that an application of stress within the elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause an
instantaneous and uniform deformation, which will cease upon removal of the stress, with the body returning instantly to its original size and shape
without an energy loss. Glass and glass-ceramic materials conform to this definition well enough that this test is meaningful.
NOTE 2—Isotropic means that the elastic properties are the same in all directions in the material. Glass is isotropic and glass-ceramics are usually so on
a macroscopic scale, because of random distribution and orientation of crystallites.
1.3 A cryogenic cabinet and high-temperature furnace are described for measuring the elastic moduli as a function of temperature
from –195 to 1200°C.1200 °C.
1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is determined for
a piece with a particular geometry and density. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is
rejected. The actual modulus of each piece need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known
to include the resonance frequency that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are within specified tolerances.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.04 on Physical
and Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved May 1, 2015June 1, 2021. Published May 2015July 2021. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 20102015 as C623 – 92
(2010).(2015). DOI: 10.1520/C0623-92R15.10.1520/C0623-21.
2
Spinner, S.,S. and Tefft, W. E., “A Method for Determining Mechanical Resonance Frequencies and for Calculating Elastic Moduli fromFrom These Frequencies,”
Proceedings, ASTM, ASTM International, 1961, pp. 1221–1238.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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C623 − 21
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on
...