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ASTM C865-91(1995)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens

Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with Practice C862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature test methods such as Methods C16, C583, etc., when these methods are used to test refractory concretes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1994
ICS
81.080 - Refractories
Technical Committee
C08 - Refractories
Drafting Committee
C08.09 - Monolithics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C865-02 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1113/C1113M-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories by Hot Wire (Platinum Resistance Thermometer Technique)
Effective Date
01-Jan-1995
Referred By
ASTM C903-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Preparing Refractory Specimens by Cold Gunning
Effective Date
01-Jan-1995
Referred By
ASTM C401-12(2022) - Standard Classification of Alumina and Alumina-Silicate Castable Refractories
Effective Date
01-Jan-1995
Referred By
ASTM C704/C704M-15(2022)e1 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperature
Effective Date
01-Jan-1995

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ASTM C865-91(1995) - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete SpecimensASTM C865-91(1995) - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
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ASTM C865-91(1995) - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 865 – 91 (Reapproved 1995)
Standard Practice for
Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 865; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope C 704 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory
Materials at Room Temperature
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from
C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Speci-
refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with
mens by Casting
Practice C 862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also
E 220 Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Com-
recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature
parison Techniques
test methods such as Methods C 16, C 583, etc., when these
methods are used to test refractory concretes.
3. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1 This practice is used to standardize the firing conditions
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
of refractory concrete specimens prepared in accordance with
information only.
Practice C 862. The standards are set down to minimize
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
laboratory-to-laboratory variation and do not attempt to dupli-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cate any particular field applications.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Apparatus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Kiln, equipped with instruments capable of controlling
2. Referenced Documents the heating rate of the kiln at 100 to 700°F (55 to 380°C)/h (see
6.5) and holding the soak temperature to 610°F (5.5°C) of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
nominal soak temperature. For temperatures up to 2500°F
C 16 Method of Load Testing Refractory Brick at High
2 (1370°C) an electrically heated kiln is preferred, but gas- or
Temperatures
oil-fired kilns can be used for all temperatures, provided the
C 20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorp-
heating rates specified can be maintained, the flame of the
tion, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of
burners does not impinge directly on any specimen, and the
Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
2 furnace atmosphere contains a minimum of 0.5 % oxygen with
C 113 Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick
0 % combustibles.
C 133 Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modu-
2 4.2 Balances—For9by4 ⁄2 by 2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 51
lus of Rupture of Refractories
or 76-mm) samples, a balance with a capacity of 15 lb (6.8 kg)
C 210 Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Fire-
2 and a sensitivity of 0.01 lb (4.5 g) is recommended; for smaller
brick
specimens (for example, 6 by 1 by 1-in. (152 by 25 by 25-mm)
C 288 Test Method for Disintegration of Refractories in an
2 bars), a 2-kg balance with a sensitivity of 0.1 g is recom-
Atmosphere of Carbon Monoxide
mended.
C 401 Classification of Alumina and Alumina-Silicate
2 4.3 Caliper or Steel Rule, to measure the dimensions of the
Castable Refractories
specimens. For large specimens, a 12-in. (305-mm) steel rule
C 546 Method of Load Testing Refractory Brick at High
3 with 0.01-in. (0.3-mm) divisions is recommended. For smaller
Temperatures, Long-Time
specimens, a 250-mm caliper with 0.1-mm divisions is recom-
C 583 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory
2 mended. Other measuring devices of the same or better
Materials at Elevated Temperatures
precision may also be used.
5. Preparation of Samples
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-8 on Refractories
5.1 Samples are prepared by casting in accordance with
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithic Refractories.
Methods C 862. If the sample size of the cast specimen is the
Current edition approved July 15, 1991. Published September 1991. Originally
published as C 865 – 77. Last previous edition C 865 – 87.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01.
3 4
Discontinued. See 1985 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01. Discontinued. See 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
C 865 – 91 (1995)
NOTE 3—Different heating rates are specified for various samples to
same as that specified for the test, it can be used directly.
ensure that the difference in temperature between the center and the
However, cutting samples of the required size from larger cast
surface of the specimen does not exceed 45°F (25°C). Experimental
blocks will often be necessary. In this case, it is recommended
evidence indicates that cracking may occur when a castable sample is
that the samples be cut with a diamond saw. After cutting, the
heated too rapidly. The safe heat-up rate increases with decreasing sample
samples should be dried at 230°F (110°C) for a minimum of 18
size.
h. All cut samples should have sharp edges and corners and
6.6 Hold the specimens at the specified temperature for 5 h.
should not show pull-out of grains on the cut surfaces. For
During the holding period a furnace atmosphere containing a
some low-strength castables, drying prior to cutting may be
minimum of 0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles should be
needed to increase their strength and resistance to pull-outs.
maintained. For special high-temperature tests a longer or
5.2 Some types of castables, especially those containing
shorter holding time may be required, that is, 1 ⁄2 h for the
aggregates of a relatively low hardness (such as lightweight
refractoriness-under-load test (Method C 16), or 12 h for the
castables), may be cut on a dry saw. This procedure is
hot modulus of rupture test (Test Method C 583).
acceptable provided that specimens with sharp corners and
6.7 Measure the temperature within the kiln by means of a
edges, which show no signs of grain pull-out at the cut
platinum-rhodium/platinum type thermocouple, calibrated in
surfaces, are obtained.
accordance with Method E 220, and a potentiometer, prefer-
6. Procedure
ably of the recording type for temperatures up to 2700°F
(1480°C). For temperatures in the 2700 to 3100°F (1480 to
6.1 Label all specimens with ceramic ink or crayons.
1705°C) range, either a platinum-rhodium/platinum or a plati-
6.2 Measure all dimensions of the specimens
...

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3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bias was noted between formed 2 in. by 2 in. by 2 in. (50 mm by 50 mm by 50 mm) and specimens quartered from larger 9 in. by 4.5 in. by 2.5 in. (228 mm by 114 mm by 64 mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the apparent porosity determination was found on castables whenever the specimens were heated to 1500 °F (816 °C) and then exposed to water as a saturation media. The error was attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration of cement phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, the greater the error noted. It was concluded that an error in porosity values could occur for refractory materials having a potential to form hydrated species with water. T...
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1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory shapes except those that chemically react with both water and mineral spirits. When testing a material capable of hydration or other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemically react with mineral spirits, mineral spirits is substituted for water and appropriate corrections for the density differences are applied when making calculations.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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Note 1: Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of refractories that are not attacked by water.  
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4.1 The true specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its true density, determined at a specific temperature, to the true density of water, determined at a specific temperature. Thus, the true specific gravity of a material is a primary property which is related to chemical and mineralogical composition.  
4.2 This test method is particularly useful for hydratable materials that are not suitable for test with Test Method C135.  
4.3 For refractory raw materials and products, the true specific gravity is a useful value for: classification, detecting differences in chemical composition between supposedly like samples, indicating mineralogical phases or phase changes, calculating total porosity when the bulk density is known, and for any other test method that requires this value for the calculation of results.  
4.4 This test method is a primary standard method which is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements.  
4.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are the following:  
4.5.1 The sample is representative of the material in general,  
4.5.2 The total sample has been reduced to the particle size specified,  
4.5.3 No contamination has been introduced during processing of the sample,  
4.5.4 The ignition of the sample has eliminated all free or combined water without inducing sintering or alteration,  
4.5.5 An inert gas (helium) has been used in the test, and  
4.5.6 The test method has been conducted in a meticulous manner.  
4.5.7 Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the results.  
4.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must be recognized that the specified sample particle size is significantly finer than specified for Test Method C135. Even this finer particle size for the sample does not preclude the presence of some closed pores, and the amount of residual close...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the true specific gravity of solid materials, and is particularly useful for materials that easily hydrate which are not suitable for test with Test Method C135. This test method may be used as an alternate for Test Methods C135, C128, and C188 for determining true specific gravity.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—In 7.3, the equivalent SI unit is expressed in parentheses.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical linear measurements.  
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the average cross-sectional area.
SCOPE
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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