ASTM C704/C704M-15(2022)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperature
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperature
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method measures the relative abrasion resistance of various refractory samples under standard conditions at room temperature.
4.2 The abrasion resistance of a refractory material provides an indication of its suitability for service in abrasive environments.
4.3 The results obtained by this test method could be different than those obtained in service because of the different conditions encountered.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of relative abrasion resistance of refractory brick at room temperature. This test method can also be applied to castable refractories (see Metric Dimensions, Practice C861 and Practice C865) and plastic refractories (see Practice C1054).
1.2 Units—When values are stated in both SI and inch-pound units, the units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, use each system independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Several values are stated only in SI units as a matter of convention and to permit comparison of results. Included are the abrading media weight (grams), specimen weight (grams), specimen weight loss due to abrasion (grams), and the resultant volume loss (cubic centimeters).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: C704/C704M − 15 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C704/C704M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—The text on left side of Fig. S1.2 was updated and minor updates to SI were made throughout editorially in July
2022.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of relative
A681Specification for Tool Steels Alloy
abrasion resistance of refractory brick at room temperature.
C134Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,
This test method can also be applied to castable refractories
and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating
(seeMetricDimensions,PracticeC861andPracticeC865)and
Firebrick
plastic refractories (see Practice C1054).
C179Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of
1.2 Units—When values are stated in both SI and inch- Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
poundunits,theunitsaretoberegardedseparatelyasstandard. C861Practice for Determining Metric Dimensions of Stan-
dard Series Refractory Brick and Shapes
Thevaluesstatedineachsystemmaynotbeexactequivalents;
C862Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens
therefore, use each system independently of the other. Com-
by Casting
bining values from the two systems may result in nonconfor-
C865Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
mance with the standard. Several values are stated only in SI
C1036Specification for Flat Glass
units as a matter of convention and to permit comparison of
C1054Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic
results. Included are the abrading media weight (grams),
and Ramming Mix Specimens
specimen weight (grams), specimen weight loss due to abra-
D4285Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water in Com-
sion(grams),andtheresultantvolumeloss(cubiccentimeters).
pressed Air
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ASTM Test Methods
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard:
B40.100Pressure Gauges and Gauge Attachments
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Abrasion Tester (1 dwg)
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical www.asme.org.
Properties. Detailed prints for the construction of the test chamber are available from
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published February 2022. Originally ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJC070419-E-PDF. Ad-
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C704/C704M–15. junct digitized in 2019. An acceptable test chamber can be made from a
DOI: 10.1520/C0704_C0704M-15R22E01. weatherproof electrical switch box.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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C704/C704M − 15 (2022)
3. Summary of Test Method 6.1.1 Blast Gun (Leitch Carco Gun Model LC-CG) modi-
fiedforthisequipmentasshowninFig.3.Othersandblastgun
3.1 This test method measures the volume of material in
models or types may affect test results.
cubiccentimetersabradedfromaflatsurfaceatarightangleto
6.1.2 Nozzle—Make the nozzle from a piece of flint-glass
a nozzle through which 1000 g of size-graded silicon carbide
tubing, 115 mm [4 ⁄2 in.] long, 7 mm [0.276 in.] 6 0.12 mm
grain is blasted by air at a prescribed air pressure.
[0.005 in.] outside diameter, with a 1.1 mm [0.043 in.] 6 0.03
4. Significance and Use
mm [0.001 in.] wall thickness. When the Carco Blast Gun is
used, this will replace the steel nozzle supplied with the gun.
4.1 This test method measures the relative abrasion resis-
Cleanly cut the ends of the glass tube and do not fire polish
tance of various refractory samples under standard conditions
them. Check the length and diameter of each tube prior to use.
at room temperature.
The diameter may be checked by the use of a gauge consisting
4.2 Theabrasionresistanceofarefractorymaterialprovides
of a tapered stainless steel rod with the 4.8 mm [ ⁄16 in.]
an indication of its suitability for service in abrasive environ-
diameter marked on the rod. The glass tubing is held in place
ments.
bya70mm[2 ⁄4 in.] long piece of stainless steel or copper
4.3 The results obtained by this test method could be
9 5
tubing with an inside diameter of 7.15 to 7.75 mm [ ⁄32 to ⁄8
different than those obtained in service because of the different 3
in.] and an outside diameter of 9.53 mm [ ⁄8 in.]. Flare the
conditions encountered. 3
tubing at one end to sit snugly inside a 9.53 mm [ ⁄8 in.] tubing
nut. This sleeve is glued or soldered in place inside the 9.53
5. Interferences (Factors Known to Affect Results)
mm [ ⁄8 in.] tubing nut, and is used primarily to hold the glass
5.1 During development, a ruggedness test was performed
tubing perpendicular to the test sample, ensuring a proper
1 1
using 114 mm by 114 mm by 12.7 mm [4 ⁄2 in. by 4 ⁄2 in. by
vacuum within the gun. The end of the glass tube through
⁄2 in.] float glass plates conforming to Specification C1036.
which the abrading media enters the nozzle in the venturi
Several factors were found to cause statistically significant
chamber is inserted into a 15.9 mm [ ⁄8 in.] outside diameter,
effects on measured results (see Section 10).
6.4 mm [ ⁄4 in.] inside diameter rubber grommet with a
5.1.1 Nozzle Tube Inside Diameter—Variation in the inside
3 1
thickness of 4.75 to 6.4 mm [ ⁄16 to ⁄4 in.]. The glass tube is
diameter of the flint glass nozzle tube statistically affected the
placed through the sleeve in the tubing nut, compressing the
abrasion values obtained on the glass plate. Ideal glass tube
grommet within the nut. The nut is attached to the gun. Fit the
inside diameter is 4.8 mm. Glass tube lots purchased as 7 mm
nozzle tightly into the grommet in order to achieve adequate
outside diameter tube with a nominal 1.1 mm wall thickness
vacuum (see 8.6). The glass tube is then positioned at a
canhaveinsidediametersrangingfrom4.6mmto5.0mm.For
distance of 2 mm [0.08 in.] from the air-generator nozzle.This
the ruggedness test, flint glass tube inside diameters of 4.7 mm
is done by using a brass rod, 4.5 mm [0.175 in.] in diameter
and 4.9 mm were used. Take the statistically significant effect
withashoulder7.9mm[ ⁄16in.]indiameter,117mm[4.59in.]
of this small tube inside diameter variation into consideration.
from the tip and inserting this rod into the glass tube.This will
Individuallymeasureandchooseallnozzletubestoconformto
allow the operator to push the glass tubing up until the rod
a specified 4.8 mm inside diameter.
touchestheventuri,ensuringa2mm[0.08in.]gapbetweenthe
5.1.2 Air Pressure—Variation in the test air pressure statis-
venturi and the glass tubing.
tically affected the abrasion values obtained on the glass plate.
6.1.3 Venturi—The air generator nozzle dimensions are an
Airpressureasspecifiedinthistestmethodis448kPa[65psi]
inletinsidediameterof2.84mmto2.92mm[0.112in.to0.115
measured by a gauge capable to 66.9 kPa [61 psi]. For the
in.] and an outlet inside diameter of 2.36 mm to 2.44 mm
ruggedness test, air pressure was maintained at values of 441
[0.093 in. to 0.096 in.]. Inspect the air generator nozzle for
kPa [64 psi] and 455 kPa [66 psi] by the use of a calibrated
wear before any test series and replace as necessary. The
master series pressure gauge. Take the statistically significant
maximuminsidediameteroftheventurichamberis10mm[ ⁄8
effectofthissmallairpressurevariationintoconsiderationand
in.]. Check the inside diameter periodically for wear (Fig. 4).
use only gauges as specified in 6.1.5. It is also recommended
6.1.4 Air Supply—Supply the abrasion gun with clean, dry
that air gauges be recalibrated at frequent intervals.
air in accordance with Test Method D4285. The use of
5.2 Factors that were found to be rugged during the test
appropriate drying equipment is necessary in order to achieve
method evaluation were: (1) particle size variation of the
consistent results. Ensure that the air supply is able to supply
silicon carbide grain between sizings of grain composed of
an adequate volume of air such that the air pressure does not
25% 20 mesh by 30 mesh and 75% 30 mesh by 50 mesh
fluctuate during the test run. If the air supply is also connected
silicon carbide to one composed of 15% 20 mesh by 30 mesh
to other equipment, ensure that the air supply is able to
and85%30meshby50meshsiliconcarbidesizing,(2)nozzle
maintain consistent pressure throughout the test run, even
to sample distance varying between 200 mm [7 ⁄8 in.] to 206
when other equipment connected to the supply is operated.
mm [8 ⁄8 in.], (3) silicon carbide grit amount between 995 g
and 1005 g, and (4) test operator.
6. Apparatus
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
is Leitch & Company, 106Abram Court, San Leandro, CA64577. If you are aware
6.1 Abrasion Tester, used for measuring the abrasion resis-
of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
tance of refractory specimens, consisting of the following
Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
(Figs. 1 and 2): responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
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C704/C704M − 15 (2022)
NOTE—Identified by number in this figure are: (1) cabinet pressure manometer, (2) dust collector vent, (3) test pressure gauge, (4) grit feed tunnel, and (5) vacuum gauge.
FIG. 1 Abrasion Tester
Consultation with an industrial professional in compressed air the gun as shown on Fig. 1. Recommended span is 0 to 1000
systems is recommended in setting up the air supply for the kPa [0 to 100 psig] based on an anticipated air supply pressure
abrasion tester. of 455 kPa [65 psig].
6.1.5 Air Supply Pressure Gauge—Affixadialordigitaltest 6.1.6 Abrading Media—New (unused), sharp (angular, jag-
pressure gauge meeting the requirements of ASME B40.100, ged edged grains), No. 36 grit silicon carbide containing
accuracy grade 3A, 60.25% of the span, to a fitting on top of minimal foreign material and having a screen analysis as
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C704/C704M − 15 (2022)
NOTE—Identified by number in this figure are: (1) sand blast gun, (2) air pressure regulator, (3) glass tube and metal stabilizing sleeve, (4) test sample, and (5) adjustable
platform.
FIG. 2 Abrasion Tester
shown in Table 1. Verify the sizing of the grit by either user funnel contains a suitable orifice to obtain a flow time of 450
confirmation of the screen analysis or a certificate of confor- 6 15 s while delivering 1000 g of abrading media into the gun
mance from the supplier. Take care to avoid segregation in supply funnel. Metal, glass, or plastic orifices may be used to
largecontainersofabradingmedia.Splitting(possiblywithuse regulatetheflow.Provideanairgapbetweentheorificeandthe
ofariffler)oranothersimilarprocedureandreblendingmaybe gun supply funnel to allow secondary air to enter with the
necessary to obtain a grit sample conforming to the required abrading media.
screen analysis. 6.1.8 Test Chamber—Atightlysealedclosurewithadoorto
6.1.7 Feeding Mechanism—Twoacceptablemechanismsfor permit ready access for mounting and removing the test
feeding the abrading media are shown in Fig. 5. The feed specimens.Cuta13mm[ ⁄2in.]mountingholeinthetopofthe
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C704/C704M − 15 (2022)
NOTE—Identified by number in this figure are: (1) glass tube adjustment rod, (2) metal stabilizing sleeve, (3) glass tube with grommet, and (4) sand blast gun.
FIG. 3 Modified Blast Gun Breakdown
FIG. 4 Venturi Nozzle
test chamber to permit the vertical mounting of the blast gun butterfly valve to regulate the cabinet pressure. Figs. 1 and 2
such that the downward stream of abrading media will travel show the design of an acceptable chamber.
203 mm [8 in.] from the glass nozzle tip to the test specimen. 6.1.8.1 Dust Collector—Adust-collectingclothorpaperbag
Equip the test chamber with a 52 mm [2 ⁄16 in.] exhaust with a of adequate capacity may be used on the exhaust port of the
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C704/C704M − 15 (2022)
TABLE 1 Screen Analysis for Abrading Media
thickness to the nearest 0.5 mm [0.02 in.] in accordance with
ASTM Standard the apparatus section of Test Methods C134.
Opening, µm Retained, %
Sieve No.
8.3 Placethenominal100mmby100mm[4in.by4in.]or
20 850 trace
114 mm by 114 mm [4.5 in. by 4.5 in.] face of the test
30 600 20 ± 2
50 300 80 ± 3
specimensata90°angletotheglassnozzlewiththesurfaceto
70 212 2 max
beabraded203mm[8in.]fromthetipoftheglassnozzle.For
Pass No. 70 . . . trace
brick samples, test an unbranded surface. For monolithic
refractory specimens, test the surface (that is, top free face or
bottom mold face) that most accurately reflects the actual field
situation.Normally,thefreesurfaceisthemostappropriatetest
chamber. Alternate dust handling systems such as venting to
surface. Position the specimen such that the abrasion pattern is
the outside are acceptable as long as the chamber pressure is
centered on the su
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