C08.09 - Monolithics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The heat of hydration of a calcium aluminate-based castable is liberated over a short period of time (as compared to portland cement). This makes it easy to measure the heat profile using off-the-shelf thermocouple equipment.  
4.2 The heat profile can be used to make inferences about the setting and strength gain behavior of a castable and sometimes the working time of a castable.  
4.3 Factors that should be controlled when comparing two castables include: size, shape, and mass of cast object, start temperature of the mix, temperature of environment, and the thermal conductivity of the environment. If these factors are held constant, then the two castables’ heat profiles can be compared.  
4.4 The temperature increase created by the castable exothermic reaction shall be at least 2.0 °C more than the normal fluctuation of the laboratory temperature so that the time of this increase is easily discernible to the user.  
4.5 Varying the amount of cement in the castable, the amount of water, the type and quantity of admixtures, and so forth, will change the shape, maximum temperature, and time to maximum temperature of the curve.  
4.6 Following is an example of a curve generated for an LCC (see Fig. 1) that does exhibit two peaks, the first one marking the end of working time. In this curve, one could also infer that the start temperature of the mix was 24 °C and also that the hydraulic strength gain reaction was significantly started, but not completed by 6 h.
FIG. 1 Example of LCC Exo Profile
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to all castables with a reactive binder system that produces a measurable heat profile during the setting and hardening process. The majority of these systems will have calcium aluminate cement as one component of the binder system.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is used to standardize the firing conditions of refractory concrete specimens prepared in accordance with Practice C862. The standards are set down to minimize laboratory-to-laboratory variation and do not attempt to duplicate any particular field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with Practice C862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature test methods such as Test Methods C16, C583, etc., when these methods are used to test refractory concretes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This practice defines a procedure that ensures consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
2.2 This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general-interest parties for research and development or quality-control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons on products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product equality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.  
2.3 In using this practice, it must be recognized that the structure of laboratory-pressed specimens may differ significantly from the structure of material gunned in field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from basic refractory gunning products by pressing prepared material in a mold. After pressing, test specimens prepared from dolomitic mixes are subjected to a prescribed heat treatment. Specimens prepared in accordance with this procedure are intended for use in ASTM test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is used to standardize mixing, mold conditions, placement, and curing of refractory concrete specimens to be used for testing and evaluation under other test methods.  
3.2 This practice standardizes laboratory conditions for producing refractory concrete specimens to minimize laboratory-to-laboratory variation and does not attempt to duplicate the conditions of field installations.  
3.3 This practice can be used for the preparation of specimens used in referee testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the mixing, casting, and curing of monolithic refractory concrete specimens under laboratory conditions for use in further testing. It does not apply to monolithic castable refractories intended primarily for gunning applications.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Various specimen sizes are required for specific test methods. Refer to these test methods to determine the size and number of specimens, which will be required from the sample.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This practice defines a procedure that ensures consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
2.2 This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general-interest parties for research and development or quality-control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons of products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product quality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.  
2.3 In using this practice it must be recognized that the structure of laboratory-pressed specimens may differ significantly from the structure of material rammed in field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from basic refractory ramming products by pressing prepared material in a mold. Specimens prepared in accordance with this procedure are intended for use in ASTM test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This practice defines a procedure that ensures consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
2.2 This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general-interest parties for research and development or quality-control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons or products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product quality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.  
2.3 In using this practice it must be recognized that the structure of laboratory-cast specimens may differ significantly from the structure of material cast in field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from a basic refractory castable by casting prepared material in a mold. Specimens prepared in accordance with this procedure are intended for use in ASTM test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The properties of refractories can be affected by their method of installation. This practice attempts to minimize the variables encountered during installation by pneumatic gunning.  
3.2 This practice provides parameters to produce gunned specimens for use in other ASTM test methods.  
3.3 This practice may be used to produce specimens for acceptance testing, service evaluation, manufacturing control, and research and development.  
3.4 Differences between various kinds of equipment and the differences in procedures and operator techniques may result in significant variations in the physical properties of the gunned specimens. It is recommended that the same operator use the same equipment to produce specimens for referee testing agreed to by the involved testing parties. The specific operating parameters should be shown in the report.  
3.5 Although this practice is specifically designed for refractories containing calcium aluminate cement, it may be used with minor modifications for gun mixes containing other bond systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing refractory specimens usually containing calcium aluminate cement with or without metal fibers by cold nozzle-mix gunning. Specimens prepared in accordance with this practice are intended for use in standard ASTM test methods required for evaluating gunned materials.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to measure the consistency (degree of self-flow) that a castable refractory demonstrates at a given level of tempering liquid at specified time intervals after the liquid is added. A self-flow of 25 % has been selected as the minimum at which a mix can be poured into typical molds or forms in normal practice.  
5.2 Castable refractories which are self-flowing at one level of tempering liquid will require vibration for placement at some lower level of tempering liquid. At the tempering liquid levels which require vibration or tamping for placement, the castable refractory should be characterized using test methods which are appropriate for castable refractories designed for vibration placement, such as Test Method C1445.  
5.3 This test method is not appropriate for determining the pumpability of castable refractories.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the consistency (degree of self-flow) of self-flowing castable refractories.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is used to determine if a freshly mixed refractory castable is of the proper consistency to provide optimum performance. There are times when the manufacturer’s specified water content and consistency will purposely not lead to the correct ball in hand but should be used to provide optimum performance. Contact the manufacturer when in doubt. This test method can also be used to estimate the correct water addition rate of a castable when either the manufacturer's specified water content is not available or when unique circumstances have rendered that recommendation unusable.  
3.2 The correct water content is an important factor that must be controlled to obtain optimum castable performance. Excess water can reduce strength, increase volume shrinkage, and promote segregation of the castable ingredients. Insufficient water can produce “honeycombs” (air voids) in the castable because of the insufficient mobility during placement and, in extreme cases, can prevent the complete hydration of the cement (if used).  
3.3 The ball-in-hand test is subjective and somewhat depends on the skill of the operator. However, it is a universally accessible method due to the simplicity of the equipment required, and it is readily used in the field.  
3.4 The total wet mixing time of a castable influences the rheological and final properties and therefore should be monitored.  
3.5 This test method can be performed in a laboratory or on a job site.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the consistency of a castable using the ball-in-hand test. The amount of water used in a castable has a significant influence on its performance.  
1.2 This test method applies to castable refractories that are described in Classification C401. It also applies to such castables containing metal fibers.  
1.3 This test method is not intended to determine the proper consistency for gunning, pumping, or self-flow applications.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 6.2.3 for a specific safety warning.)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is useful in quantitatively rating or ranking both ramming and refractory plastics by their linear stability after heating.  
3.2 This test method is also useful for determining whether a ramming or refractory plastic can be used in a specified application based on linear change criteria.  
3.3 This test method excludes basic and carbon-bearing materials.  
3.4 This test method can produce data for the engineering and design of refractory installations. The linear change data can be used to determine the number of joints necessary to maintain integrity of ramming or refractory plastic in a large installation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drying shrinkage and of the combined drying and linear change of refractory ramming mixes and plastics.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Workability index serves as a measure of the facility with which refractory plastic materials can be rammed, gunned, or vibrated into place.  
3.2 Workability index is commonly used to control consistency of plastics during manufacture. It has also been found useful for specification acceptance by the consumer.  
3.3 The workability index determination can provide information for developing a plastic body. When a sample splits under impact at various water contents, it is an indication that the material is “short” or lacking in plasticity.  
3.4 Determinations on samples that split during impact will be difficult to reproduce. If the sample splits, the measurement is not a true indication of deformation. This should be noted in the report.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the workability index of fireclay and high-alumina refractory plastics by measuring the plastic deformation of a molded test specimen when subjected to impacts.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The amount of water used in a castable mix for preparing test specimens has a significant influence on subsequent test results. This test method is used primarily to determine and reproduce the consistency required for the optimum casting of refractory castables in the preparation of test specimens and to express that consistency quantitatively. The correct water content is one of the major factors that must be controlled to obtain uniform test specimens. Excess water can reduce strength, increase volume shrinkage, and promote segregation of the castable ingredients. Insufficient water can produce “honeycombs” (air voids) in the castable because of poor consolidation during placement and prevent complete hydration of cement.  
3.2 The flow table (see sketches in Specification C230/C230M) has been found to be an excellent tool for measuring the consistency of a castable, and should be used in cases where a numerical result is required. Since castables differ somewhat in their “body” or plasticity, it has been found that a good casting range, expressed numerically, might vary from castable to castable. While one material may cast well between 40 and 60 % flow, another material may need to be in the 60 to 80 % flow range to properly flow. Because of this, it has been found that no arbitrary optimum range can be stated for all castables. The flow table then becomes a tool for measuring the flow and not determining it. It can allow the operator to follow the manufacturer's recommendations or to reproduce the consistency of a particular castable between laboratories.  
3.3 Total time of wet mixing must be closely controlled to obtain reproducible results.  
3.4 This test method is not intended to be used to determine the proper water content for gunning applications, although it may provide information of value for interpretation by a skilled operator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the consistency of castable refractory mixes by the flow table method.  
1.2 This test method applies to regular-weight castable refractories, insulating castable refractories, and castable refractories that require heavy vibration for forming, which are described in Classification C401. They also apply to such castables containing metal fibers.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is useful for producing uniform specimens of refractory plastics and ramming mixes for use in standard ASTM tests. Samples thus formed may be used for referee testing when setting specifications between producer and user. Establish by mutual agreement and specify in the report the forming parameters such as sample size, workability, and forming pressure when referee testing.  
3.2 This practice is applicable for preparing test specimens of various sizes. Note that 9 by 41/2 by 21/2-in. (228 by 114 by 64-mm) samples, because of their large cross section, have a greater tendency to form flaws during pressing, handling, and drying than smaller cross-sectional samples.  
3.3 The purpose of this practice is to minimize flaws in pressed specimens. It is not intended to duplicate all field installation conditions.  
3.4 Variations in workability as determined by Test Method C181 can significantly affect the number of flaws contained in a specimen. Establish by mutual agreement the workability level when comparing tests between two laboratories.  
3.5 This practice is not intended for preparing specimens of basic ramming mixes, anhydrous tap-hole mixes, nor resin-bonded mixes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the pressing and drying of chemically and non-chemically bonded alumin-silicate and high-alumina plastic and ramming mix refractory specimens classified in accordance with Classification C673.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The heat of hydration of a calcium aluminate-based castable is liberated over a short period of time (as compared to portland cement). This makes it easy to measure the heat profile using off-the-shelf thermocouple equipment.  
4.2 The heat profile can be used to make inferences about the setting and strength gain behavior of a castable and sometimes the working time of a castable.  
4.3 Factors that should be controlled when comparing two castables include: size, shape, and mass of cast object, start temperature of the mix, temperature of environment, and the thermal conductivity of the environment. If these factors are held constant, then the two castables’ heat profiles can be compared.  
4.4 The temperature increase created by the castable exothermic reaction shall be at least 2.0 °C more than the normal fluctuation of the laboratory temperature so that the time of this increase is easily discernible to the user.  
4.5 Varying the amount of cement in the castable, the amount of water, the type and quantity of admixtures, and so forth, will change the shape, maximum temperature, and time to maximum temperature of the curve.  
4.6 Following is an example of a curve generated for an LCC (see Fig. 1) that does exhibit two peaks, the first one marking the end of working time. In this curve, one could also infer that the start temperature of the mix was 24 °C and also that the hydraulic strength gain reaction was significantly started, but not completed by 6 h.
FIG. 1 Example of LCC Exo Profile
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to all castables with a reactive binder system that produces a measurable heat profile during the setting and hardening process. The majority of these systems will have calcium aluminate cement as one component of the binder system.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is used to standardize the firing conditions of refractory concrete specimens prepared in accordance with Practice C862. The standards are set down to minimize laboratory-to-laboratory variation and do not attempt to duplicate any particular field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with Practice C862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature test methods such as Test Methods C16, C583, etc., when these methods are used to test refractory concretes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is used to standardize mixing, mold conditions, placement and curing of refractory concrete specimens to be used for testing and evaluation under other test methods.  
3.2 This practice standardizes laboratory conditions for producing refractory concrete specimens to minimize laboratory-to-laboratory variation and does not attempt to duplicate the conditions of field installations.  
3.3 This practice can be used for the preparation of specimens used in referee testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the mixing, casting and curing of monolithic refractory concrete specimens under laboratory conditions for use in further testing. It does not apply to monolithic castable refractories intended primarily for gunning applications.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Various specimen sizes are required for specific test methods. Refer to these test methods to determine the size and number of specimens, which will be required from the sample.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This practice defines a procedure that ensures consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
2.2 This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general-interest parties for research and development or quality-control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons of products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product quality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.  
2.3 In using this practice it must be recognized that the structure of laboratory-pressed specimens may differ significantly from the structure of material rammed in field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from basic refractory ramming products by pressing prepared material in a mold. Specimens prepared in accordance with this procedure are intended for use in ASTM test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The properties of refractories can be affected by their method of installation. This practice attempts to minimize the variables encountered during installation by pneumatic gunning.  
3.2 This practice provides parameters to produce gunned specimens for use in other ASTM test methods.  
3.3 This practice may be used to produce specimens for acceptance testing, service evaluation, manufacturing control, and research and development.  
3.4 Differences between various kinds of equipment and the differences in procedures and operator techniques may result in significant variations in the physical properties of the gunned specimens. It is recommended that the same operator use the same equipment to produce specimens for referee testing agreed to by the involved testing parties. The specific operating parameters should be shown in the report.  
3.5 Although this practice is specifically designed for refractories containing calcium aluminate cement, it may be used with minor modifications for gun mixes containing other bond systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing refractory specimens usually containing calcium aluminate cement with or without metal fibers by cold nozzle-mix gunning. Specimens prepared in accordance with this practice are intended for use in standard ASTM test methods required for evaluating gunned materials.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This practice defines a procedure that ensures consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
2.2 This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general-interest parties for research and development or quality-control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons on products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product equality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.  
2.3 In using this practice, it must be recognized that the structure of laboratory-pressed specimens may differ significantly from the structure of material gunned in field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from basic refractory gunning products by pressing prepared material in a mold. After pressing, test specimens prepared from dolomitic mixes are subjected to a prescribed heat treatment. Specimens prepared in accordance with this procedure are intended for use in ASTM test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is used to determine if a freshly mixed refractory castable is of the proper consistency to provide optimum performance. There are times when the manufacturer’s specified water content and consistency will purposely not lead to the correct ball in hand but should be used to provide optimum performance. Contact the manufacturer when in doubt. This test method can also be used to estimate the correct water addition rate of a castable when either the manufacturer's specified water content is not available or when unique circumstances have rendered that recommendation unusable.  
3.2 The correct water content is an important factor that must be controlled to obtain optimum castable performance. Excess water can reduce strength, increase volume shrinkage, and promote segregation of the castable ingredients. Insufficient water can produce “honeycombs” (air voids) in the castable because of the insufficient mobility during placement and in extreme cases can prevent the complete hydration of the cement (if used).  
3.3 The Ball-in-Hand test is subjective and somewhat depends on the skill of the operator. However, it is a universally accessible method due to the simplicity of the equipment required, and it is readily used in the field.  
3.4 The total wet mixing time of a castable influences the rheological and final properties and therefore should be monitored.  
3.5 This test method can be performed in a laboratory or on a job site.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the consistency of a castable using the Ball-in-Hand Test. The amount of water used in a castable has a significant influence on its performance.  
1.2 This test method applies to castable refractories that are described in Classification C401. It also applies to such castables containing metal fibers.  
1.3 This test method is not intended to determine the proper consistency for gunning, pumping, or self flow applications.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 6.2.3 for a specific safety warning.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This practice defines a procedure that ensures consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
2.2 This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general-interest parties for research and development or quality-control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons or products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product quality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.  
2.3 In using this practice it must be recognized that the structure of laboratory-cast specimens may differ significantly from the structure of material cast in field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from a basic refractory castable by casting prepared material in a mold. Specimens prepared in accordance with this procedure are intended for use in ASTM test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The properties of refractories can be affected by their method of installation. This practice attempts to minimize the variables encountered during installation by pneumatic gunning.  
3.2 This practice provides parameters to produce gunned specimens for use in other ASTM test methods.  
3.3 This practice may be used to produce specimens for acceptance testing, service evaluation, manufacturing control, and research and development.  
3.4 Differences between various kinds of equipment and the differences in procedures and operator techniques may result in significant variations in the physical properties of the gunned specimens. It is recommended that the same operator use the same equipment to produce specimens for referee testing agreed to by the involved testing parties. The specific operating parameters should be shown in the report.  
3.5 Although this practice is specifically designed for refractories containing calcium aluminate cement, it may be used with minor modifications for gun mixes containing other bond systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing refractory specimens usually containing calcium aluminate cement with or without metal fibers by cold nozzle-mix gunning. Specimens prepared in accordance with this practice are intended for use in standard ASTM test methods required for evaluating gunned materials.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is useful in quantitatively rating or ranking both ramming and refractory plastics by their linear stability after heating.  
3.2 This test method is also useful for determining whether a ramming or refractory plastic can be used in a specified application based on linear change criteria.  
3.3 This test method excludes basic and carbon bearing materials.  
3.4 This test method can produce data for the engineering and design of refractory installations. The linear change data can be used to determine the number of joints necessary to maintain integrity of ramming or refractory plastic in a large installation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drying shrinkage and of the combined drying and linear change of refractory ramming mixes and plastics.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3   This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is used to standardize the firing conditions of refractory concrete specimens prepared in accordance with Practice C862. The standards are set down to minimize laboratory-to-laboratory variation and do not attempt to duplicate any particular field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with Practice C862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature test methods such as Methods C16, C583, etc., when these methods are used to test refractory concretes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The amount of water used in a castable mix for preparing test specimens has a significant influence on subsequent test results. This test method is used primarily to determine and reproduce the consistency required for the optimum casting of refractory castables in the preparation of test specimens and to express that consistency quantitatively. The correct water content is one of the major factors that must be controlled to obtain uniform test specimens. Excess water can reduce strength, increase volume shrinkage, and promote segregation of the castable ingredients. Insufficient water can produce “honeycombs” (air voids) in the castable because of poor consolidation during placement and prevent complete hydration of cement.  
3.2 The flow table (see sketches in Specification C230/C230M) has been found to be an excellent tool for measuring the consistency of a castable and should be used in cases where a numerical result is required. Since castables differ somewhat in their “body” or plasticity, it has been found that a good casting range, expressed numerically, might vary from castable to castable. While one material may cast well between 40 and 60 % flow, another material may need to be in the 60 to 80 % flow range to properly flow. Because of this, it has been found that no arbitrary optimum range can be stated for all castables. The flow table then becomes a tool for measuring the flow and not determining it. It can allow the operator to follow the manufacturer's recommendations or to reproduce the consistency of a particular castable between laboratories.  
3.3 Total time of wet mixing must be closely controlled to obtain reproducible results.  
3.4 This test method is not intended to be used to determine the proper water content for gunning applications, although it may provide information of value for interpretation by a skilled operator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the consistency of castable refractory mixes by the flow table method.  
1.2 This test method applies to regular weight castable refractories, insulating castable refractories, and castable refractories that require heavy vibration for forming, which are described in Classification C401. They also apply to such castables containing metal fibers.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The heat of hydration of a calcium aluminate based castable is liberated over a short period of time (as compared to Portland cement). This makes it easy to measure the heat profile using off-the-shelf thermocouple equipment.  
4.2 The heat profile can be used to make inferences about the setting and strength gain behavior of a castable and sometimes the working time of a castable.  
4.3 Factors that should be controlled when comparing two castables include: size, shape and mass of cast object, start temperature of the mix, temperature of environment, and the thermal conductivity of the environment. If these factors are held constant, then the two castables heat profiles can be compared.  
4.4 The temperature increase created by the castable exothermic reaction shall be at least 2.0°C more than the normal fluctuation of the laboratory temperature so that the time of this increase is easily discernible to the user.  
4.5 Varying the amount of cement in the castable, the amount of water, the type and quantity of admixtures, and so forth, will change the shape, maximum temperature and time to maximum temperature of the curve.  
4.6 Following is an example of a curve generated for an LCC (see Fig. 1) that does exhibit two peaks, the first one marking the end of working time. In this curve one could also infer that the start temperature of the mix was 24°C and also that the hydraulic strength gain reaction was significantly started, but not completed by 6 h.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to all castables with a reactive binder system that produces a measurable heat profile during the setting and hardening process. The majority of these systems will have calcium aluminate cement as one component of the binder system.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use .

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is useful for producing uniform specimens of refractory plastics and ramming mixes for use in standard ASTM tests. Samples thus formed may be used for referee testing when setting specifications between producer and user. Establish by mutual agreement and specify in the report the forming parameters such as sample size, workability, and forming pressure when referee testing.  
3.2 This practice is applicable for preparing test specimens of various sizes. Note that 9 by 41/2 by 21/2 in. (228 by 114 by 64-mm) samples, because of their large cross-section, have a greater tendency to form flaws during pressing, handling, and drying than smaller cross-sectional samples.  
3.3 The purpose of this practice is to minimize flaws in pressed specimens. It is not intended to duplicate all field installation conditions.  
3.4 Variations in workability as determined by Test Method C181 can significantly affect the number of flaws contained in a specimen. Establish by mutual agreement the workability level when comparing tests between two laboratories.  
3.5 This practice is not intended for preparing specimens of basic ramming mixes, anhydrous tap-hole mixes, nor resin bonded mixes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the pressing and drying of chemically and non-chemically bonded alumin-silicate and high alumina plastic and ramming mix refractory specimens classified in accordance with Classification C673.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Workability index serves as a measure of the facility with which refractory plastic materials can be rammed, gunned, or vibrated into place.  
Workability index is commonly used to control consistency of plastics during manufacture. It has also been found useful for specification acceptance by the consumer.  
The workability index determination can provide information for developing a plastic body. When a sample splits under impact at various water contents, it is an indication that the material is “short” or lacking in plasticity.  
Determinations on samples that split during impact will be difficult to reproduce. If the sample splits, the measurement is not a true indication of deformation. This should be noted in the report.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the workability index of fireclay and high-alumina refractory plastics by measuring the plastic deformation of a molded test specimen when subjected to impacts.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful in quantitatively rating or ranking both ramming and refractory plastics by their linear stability after heating.  
This test method is also useful for determining whether a ramming or refractory plastic can be used in a specified application based on linear change criteria.  
This test method excludes basic and carbon bearing materials.  
This test method can produce data for the engineering and design of refractory installations. The linear change data can be used to determine the number of joints necessary to maintain integrity of ramming or refractory plastic in a large installation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drying shrinkage and of the combined drying and linear change of refractory ramming mixes and plastics.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3   This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to measure the consistency (degree of self-flow) that a castable refractory demonstrates at a given level of tempering liquid at specified time intervals after the liquid is added. A self-flow of 25 % has been selected as the minimum at which a mix can be poured into typical molds or forms in normal practice.
Castable refractories which are self-flowing at one level of tempering liquid will require vibration for placement at some lower level of tempering liquid. At the tempering liquid levels which require vibration or tamping for placement, the castable refractory should be characterized using test methods which are appropriate for castable refractories designed for vibration placement, such as Test Method C1445.
This test method is not appropriate for determining the pumpability of castable refractories.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the consistency (degree of self-flow) and working time of self-flowing castable refractories. This test may optionally be used to determine working time of self-flowing castables.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used primarily to determine if a freshly mixed refractory castable is of the proper consistency and therefore would most likely provide optimum performance. It can also be used to estimate the correct water addition rate of a castable when either the manufacturer's specified water content is not available or when unique circumstances have rendered that recommendation unusable.
The correct water content is an important factor that must be controlled to obtain optimum castable performance. Excess water can reduce strength, increase volume shrinkage, and promote segregation of the castable ingredients. Insufficient water can produce “honeycombs” (air voids) in the castable because of the insufficient mobility during placement and in extreme cases can prevent the complete hydration of the cement (if used).
The Ball-in-Hand test is subjective and somewhat depends on the skill of the operator. However, it is a universally accessible method due to the simplicity of the equipment required, and it is readily used in the field.
The total wet mixing time of a castable influences the rheological and final properties and therefore should be monitored.
This test method can be performed in a laboratory or on a job site.
This test method is not intended to determine the proper consistency for gunning applications, although it may provide information of value for interpretation by a skilled operator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the consistency of a castable using the Ball-in-Hand Test. The amount of water used in a castable has a significant influence on its performance.  
1.2 This test method applies to regular weight castable refractories and insulating castable refractories which are described in Classification C401. It also applies to such castables containing metal fibers.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 6.2.3 for a specific safety warning.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The properties of refractory castables can be affected by their method of installation. This practice attempts to minimize the variables encountered during installation by pneumatic gunning.
This practice provides parameters to produce gunned specimens for use in other ASTM test methods.
This practice may be used to produce specimens for acceptance testing, service evaluation, manufacturing control, and research and development.
Differences between various kinds of equipment and the differences in procedures and operator techniques may result in significant variations in the physical properties of the gunned specimens. It is recommended that the same operator use the same equipment to produce specimens for referee testing agreed to by the involved testing parties. The specific operating parameters should be shown in the report.
Although this practice is specifically designed for refractory castables containing calcium aluminate cement, it may be used with minor modifications for gun mixes containing other bond systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing refractory castable specimens usually containing calcium aluminate cement with or without metal fibers by cold nozzle-mix gunning. Specimens prepared in accordance with this practice are intended for use in standard ASTM test methods required for evaluating gunned materials.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful in quantitatively rating or ranking both ramming and plastic refractories by their linear stability after heating.  
This test method is also useful for determining whether a ramming or plastic refractory can be used in a specified application based on linear change criteria.  
This test method excludes basic and carbon bearing materials.  
This test method can produce data for the engineering and design of refractory installations. The linear change data can be used to determine the number of joints necessary to maintain integrity of ramming or plastic refractory in a large installation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drying shrinkage and of the combined drying and linear change of ramming and plastic refractories.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3   This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Workability index serves as a measure of the facility with which plastic refractory materials can be rammed, gunned, or vibrated into place.  
Workability index is commonly used to control consistency of plastics during manufacture. It has also been found useful for specification acceptance by the consumer.  
The workability index determination can provide information for developing a plastic body. When a sample splits under impact at various water contents, it is an indication that the material is “short” or lacking in plasticity.  
Determinations on samples that split during impact will be difficult to reproduce. If the sample splits, the measurement is not a true indication of deformation. This should be noted in the report.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the workability index of fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories by measuring the plastic deformation of a molded test specimen when subjected to impacts.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice defines a procedure that ensures consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general-interest parties for research and development or quality-control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons on products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product equality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.  
In using this practice, it must be recognized that the structure of laboratory-pressed specimens may differ significantly from the structure of material gunned in field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from basic refractory gunning products by pressing prepared material in a mold. After pressing, test specimens prepared from dolomitic mixes are subjected to a prescribed heat treatment. Specimens prepared in accordance with this procedure are intended for use in ASTM test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice defines a procedure that ensures consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general-interest parties for research and development or quality-control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons or products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product quality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.  
In using this practice it must be recognized that the structure of laboratory-cast specimens may differ significantly from the structure of material cast in field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from a basic refractory castable by casting prepared material in a mold. Specimens prepared in accordance with this procedure are intended for use in ASTM test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice defines a procedure that ensures consistent preparation of specimens for product testing and evaluation.  
This practice can be used in the laboratories of producers, users, and general-interest parties for research and development or quality-control work. It is particularly useful for interlaboratory comparisons of products, for repetitive evaluations or comparisons of products or product quality, and in specifying a uniform preparation practice for specimens for acceptance testing.  
In using this practice it must be recognized that the structure of laboratory-pressed specimens may differ significantly from the structure of material rammed in field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing test specimens from basic refractory ramming products by pressing prepared material in a mold. Specimens prepared in accordance with this procedure are intended for use in ASTM test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful for producing uniform specimens of refractory plastics and ramming mixes for use in standard ASTM tests. Samples thus formed may be used for referee testing when setting specifications between producer and user. Forming parameters such as sample size, workability, and forming pressure should be agreed upon and specified in the report when referee testing.
This practice is applicable for preparing test specimens of various sizes. Note that 9 by 4½ by 2½ in. (228 by 114 by 64-mm) samples, because of their large cross-section, have a greater tendency to form flaws during pressing, handling, and drying than smaller cross-sectional samples.
Other tests for which these specimens may be used encompass, but are not limited to, the following ASTM standards: Method C 16, Test Methods C 20, Test Method C 113, Test Methods C 133, Test Method C 179, Test Method C 288, Test Method C 417, Test Method C 577, Test Method C 583, Test Method C 704, Test Methods C 830, Test Method C 832, Practice C 874, Test Method C 885, and Test Method C 914.
A purpose of this practice is to minimize flaws in pressed specimens. It is not intended to duplicate all field installation conditions.
Variations in workability as determined by Test Method C 181 can significantly affect the number of flaws contained in a specimen. For comparison testing between two laboratories, the workability level should be established by mutual agreement.
This practice is not intended for preparing specimens of basic ramming mixes, anhydrous tap-hole mixes, nor resin bonded mixes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the pressing and drying of chemically and nonchemically bonded aluminum-silicate and high alumina plastic and ramming mix refractory specimens classified in accordance with Classification C 673.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is used to standardize mixing, mold conditions, placement and curing of refractory concrete specimens to be used for testing and evaluation under other test methods.  
This practice standardizes laboratory conditions for producing refractory concrete specimens to minimize laboratory-to-laboratory variation and does not attempt to duplicate the conditions of field installations.  
This practice can be used for the preparation of specimens used in referee testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the mixing, casting and curing of monolithic refractory concrete specimens for use in further testing. It does not apply to monolithic castable refractories intended primarily for gunning applications.
1.2 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 Various specimen sizes are required for specific test methods. Refer to these test methods to determine the size and number of specimens, which will be required from the sample.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The properties of refractory castables can be affected by their method of installation. This practice attempts to minimize the variables encountered during installation by pneumatic gunning.
This practice provides parameters to produce gunned specimens for use in other ASTM test methods.
This practice may be used to produce specimens for acceptance testing, service evaluation, manufacturing control, and research and development.
Differences between various kinds of equipment and the differences in procedures and operator techniques may result in significant variations in the physical properties of the gunned specimens. It is recommended that the same operator use the same equipment to produce specimens for referee testing agreed to by the involved testing parties. The specific operating parameters should be shown in the report.
Although this practice is specifically designed for refractory castables containing calcium aluminate cement, it may be used with minor modifications for gun mixes containing other bond systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing refractory castable specimens usually containing calcium aluminate cement with or without metal fibers by cold nozzle-mix gunning. Specimens prepared in accordance with this practice are intended for use in standard ASTM test methods required for evaluating gunned materials.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is used to standardize the firing conditions of refractory concrete specimens prepared in accordance with Practice C 862. The standards are set down to minimize laboratory-to-laboratory variation and do not attempt to duplicate any particular field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with Practice C 862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature test methods such as Methods C 16, C 583, etc., when these methods are used to test refractory concretes.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to measure the consistency (degree of self-flow) that a castable refractory demonstrates at a given level of tempering liquid at specified time intervals after the liquid is added. A self-flow of 25 % has been selected as the minimum at which a mix can be poured into typical molds or forms in normal practice.
Castable refractories which are self-flowing at one level of tempering liquid will require vibration for placement at some lower level of tempering liquid. At the tempering liquid levels which require vibration or tamping for placement, the castable refractory should be characterized using test methods which are appropriate for castable refractories designed for vibration placement, such as Test Method C1445.
This test method is not appropriate for determining the pumpability of castable refractories.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the consistency (degree of self-flow) and working time of self-flowing castable refractories. This test may optionally be used to determine working time of self-flowing castables.
1.2 The values stated in inch-lb. units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to measure the consistency (degree of self-flow) that a castable refractory demonstrates at a given level of tempering liquid at specified time intervals after the liquid is added. A self-flow of 25 % has been selected as the minimum at which a mix can be poured into typical molds or forms in normal practice.
Castable refractories which are self-flowing at one level of tempering liquid will require vibration for placement at some lower level of tempering liquid. At the tempering liquid levels which require vibration or tamping for placement, the castable refractory should be characterized using test methods which are appropriate for castable refractories designed for vibration placement, such as Test Method C 1445.
This test method is not appropriate for determining the pumpability of castable refractories.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the consistency (degree of self-flow) and working time of self-flowing castable refractories. This test may optionally be used to determine working time of self-flowing castables.
1.2 The values stated in inch-lb. units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The heat of hydration of a calcium aluminate based castable is liberated over a short period of time (as compared to Portland cement). This makes it easy to measure the heat profile using off-the-shelf thermocouple equipment.
The heat profile can be used to make inferences about the setting and strength gain behavior of a castable and sometimes the working time of a castable.
Factors that should be controlled when comparing two castables include: size, shape and mass of cast object, start temperature of the mix, temperature of environment, and the thermal conductivity of the environment. If these factors are held constant, then the two castables heat profiles can be compared.
The amount of heat rise created by the castable shall be a minimum of 5°F. If this is not achieved, then either a larger sample or better insulation (or both) should be used to increase the measurable heat release.
Varying the amount of cement in the castable, the amount of water, the type and quantity of admixtures, and so forth, will change the shape, maximum temperature and time to maximum temperature of the curve.
Following is an example of a curve generated for an LCC (see Fig. 1) that does exhibit two peaks, the first one marking the end of working time. In this curve one could also infer that the start temperature of the mix was 24°C and also that the hydraulic strength gain reaction was significantly started, but not completed by 6 h.
FIG. 1 Example of LCC Exo Profile
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to all castables with a reactive binder system that produces a measurable heat profile during the setting and hardening process. The majority of these systems will have calcium aluminate cement as one component of the binder system.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The amount of water used in a castable mix for preparing test specimens has a significant influence on subsequent test results. This test method is used primarily to determine and reproduce the consistency required for the optimum casting of refractory castables in the preparation of test specimens and to express that consistency quantitatively. The correct water content is one of the major factors that must be controlled to obtain uniform test specimens. Excess water can reduce strength, increase volume shrinkage, and promote segregation of the castable ingredients. Insufficient water can produce “honeycombs” (air voids) in the castable because of poor consolidation during placement and prevent complete hydration of cement.
The flow table (see sketches in Specification C 230/C 230M) has been found to be an excellent tool for measuring the consistency of a castable and should be used in cases where a numerical result is required. Since castables differ somewhat in their “body” or plasticity, it has been found that a good casting range, expressed numerically, might vary from castable to castable. While one material may cast well between 40 and 60 % flow, another material may need to be in the 60 to 80 % flow range to properly flow. Because of this, it has been found that no arbitrary optimum range can be stated for all castables. The flow table then becomes a tool for measuring the flow and not determining it. It can allow the operator to follow the manufacturer’recommendations or to reproduce the consistency of a particular castable between laboratories.
Total time of wet mixing must be closely controlled to obtain reproducible results.
This test method is not intended to be used to determine the proper water content for gunning applications, although it may provide information of value for interpretation by a skilled operator.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the consistency of castable refractory mixes by the flow table method.
1.2 This test method applies to regular weight castable refractories, insulating castable refractories, and castable refractories that require heavy vibration for forming, which are described in Classification C 401. They also apply to such castables containing metal fibers.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound-units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is used primarily to determine if a freshly mixed refractory castable is of the proper consistency and therefore would most likely provide optimum performance. It can also be used to estimate the correct water addition rate of a castable when either the manufacturer’specified water content is not available or when unique circumstances have rendered that recommendation unusable.
The correct water content is an important factor that must be controlled to obtain optimum castable performance. Excess water can reduce strength, increase volume shrinkage, and promote segregation of the castable ingredients. Insufficient water can produce “honeycombs” (air voids) in the castable because of the insufficient mobility during placement and in extreme cases can prevent the complete hydration of the cement (if used).
The Ball-in-Hand test is subjective and somewhat depends on the skill of the operator. However, it is a universally accessible method due to the simplicity of the equipment required, and it is readily used in the field.
The total wet mixing time of a castable influences the rheological and final properties and therefore should be monitored.
This practice can be performed in a laboratory or on a job site.
This practice is not intended to determine the proper consistency for gunning applications, although it may provide information of value for interpretation by a skilled operator.
SCOPE
1.1 The amount of water used in a castable has a significant influence on its performance. This practice covers the procedures for determining the consistency of a castable using the Ball-in-Hand Test.
1.2 This practice applies to regular weight castable refractories and insulating castable refractories which are described in Classification C 401. It also applies to such castables containing metal fibers.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 6.2.3 for a specific safety warning.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful in quantitatively rating or ranking both ramming and plastic refractories by their linear stability after heating.  
This test method is also useful for determining whether a ramming or plastic refractory can be used in a specified application based on linear change criteria.  
This test method excludes basic and carbon bearing materials.  
This test method can produce data for the engineering and design of refractory installations. The linear change data can be used to determine the number of joints necessary to maintain integrity of ramming or plastic refractory in a large installation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drying shrinkage and of the combined drying and linear change of ramming and plastic refractories.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The properties of refractory castables can be affected by their method of installation. This practice attempts to minimize the variables encountered during installation by pneumatic gunning.
This practice provides parameters to produce gunned specimens for use in other ASTM test methods.
This practice may be used to produce specimens for acceptance testing, service evaluation, manufacturing control, and research and development.
Differences between various kinds of equipment and the differences in procedures and operator techniques may result in significant variations in the physical properties of the gunned specimens. It is recommended that the same operator use the same equipment to produce specimens for referee testing agreed to by the involved testing parties. The specific operating parameters should be shown in the report.
Although this practice is specifically designed for refractory castables containing calcium aluminate cement, it may be used with minor modifications for gun mixes containing other bond systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for preparing refractory castable specimens usually containing calcium aluminate cement with or without metal fibers by cold nozzle-mix gunning. Specimens prepared in accordance with this practice are intended for use in standard ASTM test methods required for evaluating gunned materials.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Workability index serves as a measure of the facility with which plastic refractory materials can be rammed, gunned, or vibrated into place.  
Workability index is commonly used to control consistency of plastics during manufacture. It has also been found useful for specification acceptance by the consumer.  
The workability index determination can provide information for developing a plastic body. When a sample splits under impact at various water contents, it is an indication that the material is “short” or lacking in plasticity.  
Determinations on samples that split during impact will be difficult to reproduce. If the sample splits, the measurement is not a true indication of deformation. This should be noted in the report.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the workability index of fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories by measuring the plastic deformation of a molded test specimen when subjected to impacts.
1.2  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is useful for producing uniform specimens of refractory plastics and ramming mixes for use in standard ASTM tests. Samples thus formed may be used for referee testing when setting specifications between producer and user. Forming parameters such as sample size, workability, and forming pressure should be agreed upon and specified in the report when referee testing.
This practice is applicable for preparing test specimens of various sizes. Note that 9 by 4½ by 2½ in. (228 by 114 by 64-mm) samples, because of their large cross-section, have a greater tendency to form flaws during pressing, handling, and drying than smaller cross-sectional samples.
Other tests for which these specimens may be used encompass, but are not limited to, the following ASTM standards: Method C 16, Test Methods C 20, Test Method C 113, Test Methods C 133, Test Method C 179, Test Method C 288, Test Method C 417, Test Method C 577, Test Method C 583, Test Method C 704, Test Methods C 830, Test Method C 832, Practice C 874, Test Method C 885, and Test Method C 914.
A purpose of this practice is to minimize flaws in pressed specimens. It is not intended to duplicate all field installation conditions.
Variations in workability as determined by Test Method C 181 can significantly affect the number of flaws contained in a specimen. For comparison testing between two laboratories, the workability level should be established by mutual agreement.
This practice is not intended for preparing specimens of basic ramming mixes, anhydrous tap-hole mixes, nor resin bonded mixes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the pressing and drying of chemically and nonchemically bonded aluminum-silicate and high alumina plastic and ramming mix refractory specimens classified in accordance with Classification C 673.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.