ASTM F2192-05(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining and Reporting the Berthing Energy and Reaction of Marine Fenders
Standard Test Method for Determining and Reporting the Berthing Energy and Reaction of Marine Fenders
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
General:
All testing shall define fender performance under velocities that decrease linearly or that are proportional to the square root of percent of remaining rated energy.
Rated performance data (RPD) and manufacturers' published performance curves or tables, or both, shall be based on: (1) initial deflection (berthing) velocity of 0.15 m/s and decreasing to no more than 0.005 m/s at test end, (2) testing of fully broken-in fenders (break-in testing is not required for pneumatic fenders), (3) testing of fenders stabilized at 23 ± 5°C (excluding pneumatic fenders; see 6.3), (4) testing of fenders at 0° angle of approach, and (5) deflection (berthing) frequency of not less than 1 h (use a minimum 5-min deflection frequency for pneumatic fenders.).
Catalogues shall also include nominal performance tolerances as well as data and methodology to adjust performance curves or tables or both for application parameters different from RPD conditions. Adjustment factors shall be provided for the following variables: (1) other initial velocities: 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 m/s; (2) other temperatures: +50, +40, +30, +10, 0, −10, −20, −30; and (3) other contact angles: 3, 5, 8, 10, 15°. In addition, RPD shall contain a cautionary statement that published data do not necessarily apply to constant-load and cyclic-loading conditions. In such cases, designers are to contact fender manufacturers for design assistance.
Adjustment factors for velocity and temperature shall be provided for every catalogue compound or other energy absorbing material offered by each manufacturer.
Fender Testing—Performance testing to establish RPD must use either one of two methods:
Method A—Deflection of full-size fenders at velocities inversely proportional to the percent of rated deflection or directly proportional to the square root of percent of remaining rated energy. Test parameters shall be as defined for published RPD. RPD tests shall start at 0.15 m/s. Tests to establish ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the recommended procedures for quantitative testing, reporting, and verifying the energy absorption and reaction force of marine fenders. Marine fenders are available in a variety of basic types with several variations of each type and multiple sizes and stiffnesses for each variation. Depending on the particular design, marine fenders may also include integral components of steel, composites, plastics, or other materials. All variations shall be performance tested and reported according to this test method.
1.2 There are three performance variables: berthing energy, reaction, and deflection. There are two methods used to develop rated performance data (RPD) and published performance curves for the three performance variables.
1.3 The primary focus is on fenders used in berthside and ship-to-ship applications for marine vessels. This testing protocol does not address small fendering “bumpers” used in pleasure boat marinas, mounted to hulls of work boats, or used in similar applications; it does not include durability testing. Its primary purpose is to ensure that engineering data reported in manufacturers' catalogues are based upon common testing methods.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2192 − 05 (Reapproved 2011) An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining and Reporting the Berthing Energy and
Reaction of Marine Fenders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Amarine fender is an energy-absorbing device that is typically secured against the face of a marine
facility or a ship’s hull for the purpose of attenuating the forces inherent in arresting the motion of
berthing vessels safely. Most modern fenders fall into three general classifications based on the
material used to absorb energy: (1) solid rubber fenders in which the material absorbs the energy, (2)
pneumatic(air-filled)fendersinwhichairabsorbstheenergy,and(3)foam-filledfendersinwhichthe
foam core absorbs the energy.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the recommended procedures
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
for quantitative testing, reporting, and verifying the energy
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
absorption and reaction force of marine fenders. Marine
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
fenders are available in a variety of basic types with several
variations of each type and multiple sizes and stiffnesses for
2. Referenced Documents
each variation. Depending on the particular design, marine
2.1 ASTM Standards:
fenders may also include integral components of steel,
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
composites, plastics, or other materials.All variations shall be
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
performance tested and reported according to this test method.
1.2 There are three performance variables: berthing energy, 3. Significance and Use
reaction, and deflection. There are two methods used to
3.1 General:
develop rated performance data (RPD) and published perfor-
3.1.1 All testing shall define fender performance under
mance curves for the three performance variables.
velocities that decrease linearly or that are proportional to the
square root of percent of remaining rated energy.
1.3 The primary focus is on fenders used in berthside and
3.1.2 Rated performance data (RPD) and manufacturers’
ship-to-ship applications for marine vessels. This testing pro-
publishedperformancecurvesortables,orboth,shallbebased
tocol does not address small fendering “bumpers” used in
on: (1) initial deflection (berthing) velocity of 0.15 m/s and
pleasure boat marinas, mounted to hulls of work boats, or used
decreasing to no more than 0.005 m/s at test end, (2) testing of
insimilarapplications;itdoesnotincludedurabilitytesting.Its
fully broken-in fenders (break-in testing is not required for
primary purpose is to ensure that engineering data reported in
pneumatic fenders), (3) testing of fenders stabilized at 23 6
manufacturers’ catalogues are based upon common testing
5°C (excluding pneumatic fenders; see 6.3), (4) testing of
methods.
fenders at 0° angle of approach, and (5) deflection (berthing)
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
frequencyofnotlessthan1h(useaminimum5-mindeflection
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
frequency for pneumatic fenders.).
standard.
3.1.3 Catalogues shall also include nominal performance
tolerances as well as data and methodology to adjust perfor-
mance curves or tables or both for application parameters
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships
and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 on
General Requirements. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F2192–05. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F2192-05R11. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2192 − 05 (2011)
different from RPD conditions. Adjustment factors shall be of test apparatus shall be performed by a qualified third-party
providedforthefollowingvariables:(1)otherinitialvelocities: organization, using instrumentation that is traceable to a
0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 m/s; (2) other temperatures: certified, national standard.
+50, +40, +30, +10, 0, −10, −20, −30; and (3) other contact
4.3 The test apparatus shall deflect specimens according to
angles: 3, 5, 8, 10, 15°. In addition, RPD shall contain a
Section 5.
cautionary statement that published data do not necessarily
apply to constant-load and cyclic-loading conditions. In such
5. Procedure
cases, designers are to contact fender manufacturers for design
5.1 The performance test shall deflect specimens according
assistance.
toeitherofthetwomethodslistedbelow.Clearandunambigu-
3.1.4 Adjustment factors for velocity and temperature shall
ouscalculationsmustbeprovidedforanyadjustmentsmadeto
be provided for every catalogue compound or other energy
the test results.
absorbing material offered by each manufacturer.
5.2 Method A:
3.2 Fender Testing—Performance testing to establish RPD
must use either one of two methods:
NOTE 1—Steps 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 do not apply to pneumatic fenders. Step
3.2.1 MethodA—Deflectionoffull-sizefendersatvelocities 5.2.3 may be omitted for pneumatic fenders, provided internal pressure is
adjusted to the manufacturer’s specified value for the ambient test
inversely proportional to the percent of rated deflection or
temperature.
directly proportional to the square root of percent of remaining
5.2.1 Break in the specimen by deflecting it three or more
rated energy. Test parameters shall be as defined for published
times to its rated deflection, or more, as recommended by the
RPD. RPD tests shall start at 0.15 m/s. Tests to establish
manufacturer.
adjustmentfactorsforinitialberthingvelocitiesotherthan0.15
5.2.2 Remove load from specimen and allow it to “recover”
m/s shall start at those other initial velocities.
for1hor more, as recommended by manufacturer.
3.2.2 Method B—Deflection of full size fenders at constant
5.2.3 Before conducting performance test, stabilize fender
velocity with performance adjusted by velocity factors devel-
temperature in accordance with 6.1. Temperature-stabilizing
oped from model tests. Velocity factors shall be the ratio of
time can include time for 5.2.1 and 5.2.2.
performance test results of models under the following condi-
5.2.4 Deflect specimen once at a continuously decreasing
tions: (1) a constant strain rate similar to the strain rate of the
deflection velocity as defined in one of the equations below:
full-size fender at its test speed, and (2) decreasing speed
deflection with initial strain rate similar to that of the full-size
V 5 V ~D 2 d!/D or0.005m/s whicheverisgreater (1)
fender under RPD deflection conditions.
or
3.2.3 The RPD for pneumatic fenders shall be determined
using either Method A or Method B with miniature-size
V 5 V = E 2 e /E or0.005m/s whicheverisgreater (2)
~ !
fenders; in which case, the compression performance of air
where:
shall be directly extrapolated from the test data of reduced
scale models. V = instantaneous deflection velocity of fender,
V = initial deflection velocity, where V =0.05, 0.10, 0.15,
0 0
4. Apparatus
0.20, 0.25, or 0.30 m/s,
D = rated deflection,
4.1 The test apparatus shall be equipped with load cell(s)
d = instantaneous deflection,
andlineartransducer(s)capableofprovidingcontinuousmoni-
E = rated energy absorption of fender, kN/m, and
toring of fender performance. The test apparatus shall be
e = instantaneous running total of energy absorbed, kN/m.
capable of recording and storing load-cell and transducer data
Initial velocity shall be appropriate for particular testing
at intervals of <0.01 H, where H is a fender’s nominal height,
purpose.
and storing manually entered inputs. Output information shall
5.2.5 Stop test when deflection reaches rated deflection, or
include, as a minimum:
more, as recommended by the manufacturer.
4.1.1 Serial number and description of test item,
5.2.6 Adjust performance to rating temperature (23 6 5°C),
4.1.2 Date, time at start, and time at end of test,
if required, or to desired application temperature by multiply-
4.1.3 Location of test facility and test apparatus ID,
ingbothenergyandreactionresultsbytemperaturefactor(TF)
4.1.4 Stabilization temperature of test specimen,
(see 6.3).
4.1.5 Test ambient temperature, and
4.1.6 Graphic plot(s) of: (1) deflection velocity versus
5.3 Method B:
deflection (optional) (If not plotted, deflection velocity and its
NOTE 2—Steps 5.3.1 and 5.3.2 do not apply to pneumatic fenders. Step
characteristics shall be separately noted.), (2) reaction versus
5.3.3 may be omitted for pneumatic fenders, provided internal pressure is
deflection, and (3) energy versus deflection.
adjusted to the manufacturer’s specified value for the ambient test
temperature.
4.2 For fender tests, all equipment used to measure and
record force and deflection shall be calibrated and certified 5.3.1 Breakinspecimenbydeflectingthreeormoretimesto
accuratetowithin 61%,inaccordancewithISOorequivalent its rated deflection, or more, as recommended by the manufac-
JIS or ASTM requirements. Calibration shall be performed turer.
within one year of the use of the equipment, or less, if the 5.3.2 Remove load from specimen and allow it to “recover”
normalcalibrationintervalisshorterthanoneyear.Calibration for1hor more, as recommended by manufacturer.
F2192 − 05 (2011)
5.3.3 Before conducting performance test, stabilize fender
R = reaction at the RPD initial velocity per 6.2.1.1.
RPD
temperature in accordance with 6.1. Temperature-stabilizing
(2) Corrected energy and reaction performance is then
time can include time for 5.3.1 and 5.3.2.
calculated by the following equations:
5.3.4 Deflect specimen once at a constant deflection veloc-
E 5 E 3VF (5)
ity.
a RPD ea
5.3.5 Stop test when
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.