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ASTM D4174-23

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Cleaning, Flushing, and Purification of Petroleum Fluid Hydraulic Systems

Standard Practice for Cleaning, Flushing, and Purification of Petroleum Fluid Hydraulic Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Proper fluid condition is essential for the satisfactory performance and long life of the equipment. Prerequisites for proper lubrication and component performance are: (1) a well-designed hydraulic system, (2) the use of a suitable fluid, and (3) a maintenance program including proper filtration methods to ensure that the fluid is free of contaminants. These prerequisites are meaningless unless the hydraulic system is initially cleaned to a level that will prevent component damage on initial start up or when debris may be dislodged by any system upset.  
4.2 The cleaning and flushing of both new and used systems are accomplished by essentially the same procedure. In new systems, the emphasis is on the removal of contaminants introduced during the manufacture, storage, field fabrication, and installation. In used systems, the emphasis is on the removal of contaminants that are generated during operations, from failures that occur during operation; or contaminants introduced during overhaul. Both new and used systems may benefit from high velocity flushing to remove materials that can collect in hard to drain pockets or normally non-wetted surfaces.  
4.3 While the flushing and cleaning philosophies stated in this practice are applicable to all primary and servo hydraulic systems, the equipment specified herein does not apply to compact systems that use relatively small volumes of fluid unless they are servo systems where it is economically justified.  
4.4 It should be emphasized that the established procedures to be followed for flushing and cleaning the hydraulic systems should be accomplished through the cooperative efforts and agreement of the equipment manufacturer, the installer, the flushing service vendor, the operator, and the fluid supplier. No phase of these procedures should be undertaken without a thorough understanding of the possible effects of improper system preparation. The installation and cleaning and flushing of the equipment should not b...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers aid for the equipment manufacturer, the installer, the oil supplier and the operator in coordinating their efforts towards obtaining and maintaining clean petroleum fluid hydraulic systems. Of necessity, this practice is generalized due to variations in the type of equipment, builder's practices, and operating conditions. Constant vigilance is required throughout all phases of design, fabrication, installation, flushing, testing, and operation of hydraulic systems to minimize and reduce the presence of contaminants and to obtain optimum system reliability.  
1.2 This practice is presented in the following sequence:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Significance and Use  
4  
Types of Contamination  
5  
General  
5.1  
Water  
5.2  
Soluble Contaminants  
5.3  
Insoluble Contaminants  
5.4  
Lodged Contamination  
5.4.2.1  
Suspended or Loose Contamination  
5.4.2.2  
Contamination Control  
6  
General  
6.1  
Initial Filling  
6.1.1  
In-Service Units  
6.1.2  
Connection of Contamination Control System  
6.1.3  
Piping or Tubing Contamination Control System  
6.1.4  
Contamination Control Procedures  
6.2  
Full Flow Contamination Control  
6.2.1  
Bypass Contamination Control  
6.2.2  
Batch Contamination Control  
6.2.3  
Contamination Control Processes  
6.3  
Gravity  
6.3.1  
Mechanical  
6.3.2  
Centrifuge  
6.3.2.1  
Filters  
6.3.2.2  
Supplementary Methods  
6.3.3  
Limitations of Contamination Control Devices  
6.3.4  
Storage  
7  
General  
7.1  
Inspection  
8  
General  
8.1  
System Components  
8.2  
Valves, Strainers, and Coolers  
8.2.1  
Sumps and Tanks  
8.2.2  
Control Devices  
8.2.3  
Pumps  
8.2.4  
Flushing Program  
9  
General  
9.1  
Preparation of System for Flushing  
9....

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2023
ICS
23.100.01 - Fluid power systems in general
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.N0 - Hydraulic Fluids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM F311-08(2020) - Standard Practice for Processing Aerospace Liquid Samples for Particulate Contamination Analysis Using Membrane Filters
Effective Date
01-Apr-2020

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ASTM D4174-23 - Standard Practice for Cleaning, Flushing, and Purification of Petroleum Fluid Hydraulic SystemsASTM D4174-23 - Standard Practice for Cleaning, Flushing, and Purification of Petroleum Fluid Hydraulic Systems
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REDLINE ASTM D4174-23 - Standard Practice for Cleaning, Flushing, and Purification of Petroleum Fluid Hydraulic SystemsREDLINE ASTM D4174-23 - Standard Practice for Cleaning, Flushing, and Purification of Petroleum Fluid Hydraulic Systems
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4174 − 23
Standard Practice for
Cleaning, Flushing, and Purification of Petroleum Fluid
1
Hydraulic Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4174; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
Section
Filters 6.3.2.2
1.1 This practice covers aid for the equipment manufacturer,
Supplementary Methods 6.3.3
the installer, the oil supplier and the operator in coordinating Limitations of Contamination Control Devices 6.3.4
Storage 7
their efforts towards obtaining and maintaining clean petro-
General 7.1
leum fluid hydraulic systems. Of necessity, this practice is
Inspection 8
generalized due to variations in the type of equipment, build- General 8.1
System Components 8.2
er’s practices, and operating conditions. Constant vigilance is
Valves, Strainers, and Coolers 8.2.1
required throughout all phases of design, fabrication,
Sumps and Tanks 8.2.2
Control Devices 8.2.3
installation, flushing, testing, and operation of hydraulic sys-
Pumps 8.2.4
tems to minimize and reduce the presence of contaminants and
Flushing Program 9
to obtain optimum system reliability.
General 9.1
Preparation of System for Flushing 9.2
1.2 This practice is presented in the following sequence:
Fluid Heating Prior to Flushing 9.3
Selection of Flushing Oils 9.4
Section
System Operation Fluid 9.4.1
Scope 1
Special Flushing Oil 9.4.2
Referenced Documents 2
Flushing Oil Selection Guide 9.4.3
Terminology 3
Flushing Procedure for New Systems 9.5
Significance and Use 4
Flushing Oil Charge 9.5.1
Types of Contamination 5
Cleaning of Filtration Devices 9.5.2
General 5.1
Cleaning of System Components 9.5.3
Water 5.2
System Flushing and Flush Acceptance Criteria 9.5.4
Soluble Contaminants 5.3
Draining of Flushing Oil 9.5.5
Insoluble Contaminants 5.4
Displacement Oil 9.5.6
Lodged Contamination 5.4.2.1
Interim Corrosion Protection 9.5.7
Suspended or Loose Contamination 5.4.2.2
New Fluid Charge 9.5.8
Contamination Control 6
Flushing of Used Systems 9.6
General 6.1
General Guidelines 9.6.1
Initial Filling 6.1.1
Procedure 9.6.2
In-Service Units 6.1.2
System Maintenance 10
Connection of Contamination Control System 6.1.3
Preinstallation 10.2
Piping or Tubing Contamination Control System 6.1.4
In-Service Units 10.3
Contamination Control Procedures 6.2
Decision to Flush In-Service Hydraulic Systems 10.4
Full Flow Contamination Control 6.2.1
Fluid Condition Monitoring 11
Bypass Contamination Control 6.2.2
Fluid Sampling Techniques 11.2
Batch Contamination Control 6.2.3
Visual Inspection 11.3
Contamination Control Processes 6.3
Laboratory Analysis 11.4
Gravity 6.3.1
Fluid Cleanliness Criteria 11.5
Mechanical 6.3.2
General Information 12
Centrifuge 6.3.2.1
Centrifuge Ratings 12.2
Coalescence 12.3
Vacuum Dehydration 12.4
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Adsorption 12.5
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of D02.N0 on
Hydraulic Fluids.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D4174 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/
only.
D4174-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4174 − 23
4
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the Particulate Contamination Analysis)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1 Definitions:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
Terminology D4175.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.1 nominal filtration rating, n—an arbitrary micrometre
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
value indicated by a filter manufacturer. Due to lack of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
reproducibili
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4174 − 17 D4174 − 23
Standard Practice for
Cleaning, Flushing, and Purification of Petroleum Fluid
1
Hydraulic Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4174; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers aid for the equipment manufacturer, the installer, the oil supplier and the operator in coordinating their
efforts towards obtaining and maintaining clean petroleum fluid hydraulic systems. Of necessity, this practice is generalized due
to variations in the type of equipment, builder’s practices, and operating conditions. Constant vigilance is required throughout all
phases of design, fabrication, installation, flushing, testing, and operation of hydraulic systems to minimize and reduce the presence
of contaminants and to obtain optimum system reliability.
1.2 This practice is presented in the following sequence:
Section
Scope 1
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
Significance and Use 4
Types of Contamination 5
General 5.1
Water 5.2
Soluble Contaminants 5.3
Insoluble Contaminants 5.4
Lodged Contamination 5.4.2.1
Suspended or Loose Contamination 5.4.2.2
Contamination Control 6
General 6.1
Initial Filling 6.1.1
In-Service Units 6.1.2
Connection of Contamination Control System 6.1.3
Piping or Tubing Contamination Control System 6.1.4
Contamination Control Procedures 6.2
Full Flow Contamination Control 6.2.1
Bypass Contamination Control 6.2.2
Batch Contamination Control 6.2.3
Contamination Control Processes 6.3
Gravity 6.3.1
Mechanical 6.3.2
Centrifuge 6.3.2.1
Filters 6.3.2.2
Supplementary Methods 6.3.3
Limitations of Contamination Control Devices 6.3.4
Storage 7
General 7.1
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of D02.N0 on
Hydraulic Fluids.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017July 1, 2023. Published January 2018July 2023. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20152017 as
D4174 – 15.D4174 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/D4174-17.10.1520/D4174-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4174 − 23
Section
Inspection 8
General 8.1
System Components 8.2
Valves, Strainers, and Coolers 8.2.1
Sumps and Tanks 8.2.2
Control Devices 8.2.3
Pumps 8.2.4
Flushing Program 9
General 9.1
Preparation of System for Flushing 9.2
Fluid Heating Prior to Flushing 9.3
Selection of Flushing Oils 9.4
System Operation Fluid 9.4.1
Special Flushing Oil 9.4.2
Flushing Oil Selection Guide 9.4.3
Flushing Procedure for New Systems 9.5
Flushing Oil Charge 9.5.1
Cleaning of Filtration Devices 9.5.2
Cleaning of System Components 9.5.3
System Flushing and Flush Acceptance Criteria 9.5.4
Draining of Flushing Oil 9.5.5
Displacement Oil 9.5.6
Interim Corrosion Protection 9.5.7
New Fluid Charge 9.5.8
Flushing of Used Systems 9.6
General Guidelines 9.6.1
Procedure 9.6.2
System Maintenance 10
Preinstallation 10.2
In-Service Units 10.3
Decision to Flush In-Service Hydraulic Systems 10.4
Fluid Condition Monitoring 11
Fluid Sampling Techniques 11.2
Visual Inspection 11.3
Laboratory Analysis 11.4
Fluid Cleanliness Criteria 11.5
General Information 12
Centrifuge Ratings 12.2
Coalescence 12.3
Vacuum Dehydration 12.4
Adsorption 12.5
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
...

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1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are shown in brackets, except that when A480M is specified, Annex A3 shall apply for the dimensional tolerances and not the bracketed SI values in Annex A2. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished in inch-pound units.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2552-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Assessing the Environmental and Human Health Impacts of New Compounds for Military Use

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide a logical, tiered approach in the development of environmental health criteria coincident with level and effort in the research, development, testing, and evaluation of new materials for military use. Various levels of uncertainty are associated with data collected from previous stages. Following the recommendation in the guide should reduce the relative uncertainty of the data collected at each developmental stage. At each stage, a general weight of evidence qualifier shall accompany each exposure/effect relationship. They may be simple (for example, low, medium, or high confidence) or sophisticated using a numerical value for each predictor as a multiplier to ascertain relative confidence in each step of risk characterization. The specific method used will depend on the stage of development, quantity and availability of data, variation in the measurement, and general knowledge of the dataset. Since specific formulations, conditions, and use scenarios may not be known until the later stages, exposure estimates can be determined when practical (for example, Engineering and Manufacturing Development; see 6.6). Exposure data can then be used with other toxicological data collected from previous stages in a quantitative risk assessment to determine the relative degree of hazard.  
5.2 Data developed from the use of this guide are designed to be consistent with criteria required in weapons and weapons system development (for example, programmatic environment, safety and occupational health evaluations, environmental assessments/environmental impact statements, toxicity clearances, and technical data sheets).  
5.3 Information shall be evaluated in a flexible manner consistent with the needs of the authorizing program. This requires proper characterization of the current problem. For example, compounds may be ranked relative to the environmental criteria of the prospective alternatives, the replacement compound, and within bo...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to determine the relative environmental influence of new substances, consistent with the research and development (R&D) level of effort and is intended to be applied in a logical, tiered manner that parallels both the available funding and the stage of research, development, testing, and evaluation. Specifically, conservative assumptions, relationships, and models are recommended early in the research stage, and as the technology is matured, empirical data will be developed and used. Munition constituents are included and may include propellants, oxidizers, explosives, binders, stabilizers, metals, dyes, and other compounds used in the formulation to produce a desired effect. Munition systems range from projectiles, grenades, rockets/missiles, training simulators, to smokes and obscurants. Given the complexity of issues involved in the assessment of environmental fate and effects and the diversity of the systems used, this guide is broad in scope and not intended to address every factor that may be important in an environmental context. Rather, it is intended to reduce uncertainty at minimal cost by considering the most important factors related to human health and environmental impacts of energetic materials. This guide provides an outline for collecting data useful in a relative ranking procedure to provide the systems scientist with a sound basis for prospectively determining a selection of candidates based on environmental and human health criteria. The general principles in this guide are applicable to substances other than energetics if intended to be used in a similar manner with similar exposure profiles.  
1.2 The scope of this guide includes:  
1.2.1 Energetic and other new/novel materials and compositions in all stages of research, development, test and evaluation.  
1.2.2 Environmental assessment, including:
1.2.2.1 Human and ecological effects of the unexploded energetics and ...

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ASTM
ASTM D8042-18(2023)(Test Method)
Test Method for Shrinkage Temperature of Wet Blue and Wet White

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to determine the temperature at which the Wet Blue or Wet White specimen experiences shrinkage. In this test method, shrinkage occurs as a result of hydrothermal denaturation of the collagen protein molecules which make up the fiber structure of the Wet Blue or Wet White. The shrinkage temperature of Wet Blue or Wet White is influenced by many different factors, most of which appear to affect the number and nature of crosslinking interactions between adjacent polypeptide chains of the collagen protein molecules. The value of the shrinkage temperature of Wet Blue or Wet White is commonly used as an indicator of the type of tannage or the degree of tannage, or both, of that particular Wet Blue or Wet White (especially for the more hydrothermally stable tannages such as chrome tannage).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrinkage temperature of all types of Wet Blue and Wet White. The heating medium is water when the shrinkage temperature is at or below 98 °C. The heating medium is a glycerine-water solution when the shrinkage temperature is above 98 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8530/D8530M-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for the Selection and Use of Waterstops

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used in the selection and installation of waterstops in cast-in-place concrete construction. This guide is intended to assist the building owner, owner’s representative, architect, engineer, contractor, and/or authorized inspector during the specification and installation of waterstops.  
4.2 This guide is applicable to cast-in-place concrete construction. The use of this guide may not be appropriate for installation of waterstops in other types of concrete construction, including but not limited to, pneumatically applied (that is, shotcrete) and precast concrete construction.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of waterstops within cast-in-place concrete construction. Waterstops are generally placed within static, non-moving construction joints in concrete to close off the joint to water, which may be under significant hydrostatic pressure. They are used as part of the overall waterproofing strategy for a building or other structure. Expansion and other types of moving joints may require the use of waterstops, which can accommodate the anticipated movement of the structure and are beyond the scope of this guide.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents: therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2956-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Monitoring the Neutron Exposure of LWR Reactor Pressure Vessels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Regulatory Requirements—The USA Code of Federal Regulations (10CFR Part 50, Appendix H) requires the implementation of a reactor vessel materials surveillance program for all operating LWRs. Other countries have similar regulations. The purpose of the program is to (1) monitor changes in the fracture toughness properties of ferritic materials in the reactor vessel beltline6 resulting from exposure to neutron irradiation and the thermal environment, and (2) make use of the data obtained from surveillance programs to determine the conditions under which the vessel can be operated with adequate margins of safety throughout its service life. Practice E185, derived mechanical property data, and (r, θ, z) physics-dosimetry data (derived from the calculations and reactor cavity and surveillance capsule measurements (1) using physics-dosimetry standards) can be used together with information in Guide E900 and Refs. 4, 11-18 to provide a relation between property degradation and neutron exposure, commonly called a “trend curve.” To obtain this trend curve at all points in the pressure vessel wall requires that the selected trend curve be used together with the appropriate (r, θ, z) neutron field information derived by use of this guide to accomplish the necessary interpolations and extrapolations in space and time.  
4.2 Neutron Field Characterization—The tasks required to satisfy the second part of the objective of 4.1 are complex and are summarized in Practice E853. In doing this, it is necessary to describe the neutron field at selected (r, θ, z) points within the pressure vessel wall. The description can be either time dependent or time averaged over the reactor service period of interest. This description can best be obtained by combining neutron transport calculations with plant measurements such as reactor cavity (ex-vessel) and surveillance capsule or RPV cladding (in-vessel) measurements, benchmark irradiations of dosimeter sensor materials, and knowledge of th...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the means and frequency of monitoring the neutron exposure of the LWR reactor pressure vessel throughout its operating life.  
1.2 The physics-dosimetry relationships determined from this guide may be used to estimate reactor pressure vessel damage through the application of Practice E693 and Guide E900, using fast neutron fluence (E > 1.0 MeV and E > 0.1 MeV), displacements per atom (dpa), or damage-function-correlated exposure parameters as independent exposure variables. Supporting the application of these standards are the E853, E944, E1005, and E1018 standards, identified in 2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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