ASTM D1357-95(2011)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Since the analysis of the atmosphere is influenced by phenomena in which all factors except the method of sampling and analytical procedure are beyond the control of the investigator, statistical consideration must be given to determine the adequacy of the number of samples obtained, the length of time that the sampling program is carried out, and the number of sites sampled. The purpose of the sampling and the characteristics of the contaminant to be measured will have an influence in determining this adequacy. Regular, or if possible, continuous measurements of the contaminant with simultaneous pertinent meteorological observations should be obtained during all seasons of the year. Statistical techniques may then be applied to determine the influence of the meteorological variables on the concentrations measured (2).
Statistical methods may be used for the interpretation of all of the data available (2). Trends of patterns and relationships between variables of statistical significance may be detected. Much of the validity of the results will depend, however, on the comprehensiveness of the analysis and the location and contaminant measured. For example, if 24-h samples of suspended particulate matter are obtained only periodically (for example, every 6 or 8 days throughout the year), the geometric mean of the measured concentrations is representative of the median value assuming the data are log normally distributed. The geometric mean level may be used to compare the air quality at different locations at which such regular but intermittent observations of suspended particulate matter are made.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to present the broad concepts of sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of contaminants. Detailed procedures are not discussed. General principles in planning a sampling program are given including guidelines for the selection of sites and the location of the air sampling inlet.
1.2 Investigations of atmospheric contaminants involve the study of a heterogeneous mass under uncontrolled conditions. Interpretation of the data derived from the air sampling program must often be based on the statistical theory of probability. Extreme care must be observed to obtain measurements over a sufficient length of time to obtain results that may be considered representative.
1.3 The variables that may affect the contaminant concentrations are the atmospheric stability (temperature-height profile), turbulence, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, precipitation, topography, emission rates, chemical reaction rates for their formation and decomposition, and the physical and chemical properties of the contaminant. To obtain concentrations of gaseous contaminants in terms of weight per unit volume, the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure at the location sampled must be known.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D1357 − 95 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Practice for
Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-
dures
1.1 The purpose of this practice is to present the broad
D3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and
concepts of sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of
Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions
contaminants. Detailed procedures are not discussed. General
principles in planning a sampling program are given including
NOTE 1—A list of references are appended to this practice which
provide greater details including background information, air quality
guidelines for the selection of sites and the location of the air
modeling techniques, and special purposes air sampling programs (1).
sampling inlet.
1.2 Investigations of atmospheric contaminants involve the
3. Terminology
study of a heterogeneous mass under uncontrolled conditions.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
Interpretation of the data derived from the air sampling
practice, refer to Terminology D1356.
program must often be based on the statistical theory of
probability. Extreme care must be observed to obtain measure-
4. Summary of Practice
ments over a sufficient length of time to obtain results that may
4.1 This practice describes the general guidelines in plan-
be considered representative.
ning for sampling the ambient air for the concentrations of
1.3 The variables that may affect the contaminant concen-
contaminants.
trations are the atmospheric stability (temperature-height
profile), turbulence, wind speed and direction, solar radiation,
5. Significance and Use
precipitation, topography, emission rates, chemical reaction
5.1 Since the analysis of the atmosphere is influenced by
rates for their formation and decomposition, and the physical
phenomena in which all factors except the method of sampling
and chemical properties of the contaminant. To obtain concen-
and analytical procedure are beyond the control of the
trations of gaseous contaminants in terms of weight per unit
investigator, statistical consideration must be given to deter-
volume, the ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure at
mine the adequacy of the number of samples obtained, the
the location sampled must be known.
length of time that the sampling program is carried out, and the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
number of sites sampled. The purpose of the sampling and the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
characteristics of the contaminant to be measured will have an
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
influence in determining this adequacy. Regular, or if possible,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
continuous measurements of the contaminant with simultane-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ous pertinent meteorological observations should be obtained
during all seasons of the year. Statistical techniques may then
2. Referenced Documents
be applied to determine the influence of the meteorological
2.1 ASTM Standards: variables on the concentrations measured (2).
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
5.2 Statistical methods may be used for the interpretation of
Atmospheres
all of the data available (2). Trends of patterns and relation-
ships between variables of statistical significance may be
detected. Much of the validity of the results will depend,
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality
however, on the comprehensiveness of the analysis and the
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres
and Source Emissions. location and contaminant measured. For example, if 24-h
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originally
samples of suspended particulate matter are obtained only
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1357 – 95 (2005).
periodically (for example, every 6 or 8 days throughout the
DOI: 10.1520/D1357-95R11.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this practice.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1357 − 95 (2011)
year), the geometric mean of the measured concentrations is 7.1.1 Wind direction and speed, the degree of persistence in
representative of the median value assuming the data are log direction, and gustiness;
normallydistributed.Thegeometricmeanlevelmaybeusedto 7.1.2 Temperature and its changes with height above
compare the air quality at different locations at which such ground; the mixing height, that is, the height above ground that
regular but intermittent observations of suspended particulate the pollutants will diffuse to during the afternoon; and
matter are made. 7.1.3 Solar radiation and hours of sunshine, humidity,
precipitation, and barometric pressure. These parameters are
6. Basic Principles important in assessing the pollution potential of an area and
should be considered in the planning of a monitoring program
6.1 The choice of sampling techniques and measurement
and in the interpretation of the data. Pertinent meteorological
methodology, the characteristics of the sites, the number of
and climatological information may be obtained from the local
sampling stations, and the amount of data collected all depend
weather department. In many localities, however, the micro-
on the objectives of the monitoring program. These objectives
meteorology may be unique and meteorological investigations
may be one or more of the following:
to provide data specific to the area may be needed.
6.1.1 Air quality assessment including determining maxi-
7.2 The influences of each of the meteorological parameters
mum concentration,
important to air quality are discussed in detail. The methods of
6.1.2 Health and vegetation effects studies,
carrying out the related meteorological investigations are also
6.1.3 Trend analysis,
discussed (3, 4, 5).
6.1.4 Evaluation of pollution abatement programs,
6.1.5 Establishment of air quality criteria and standards by
8. Topographical Factors
relating to effects,
8.1 Topography can influence the contaminant concentra-
6.1.6 Enforcement of control regulations,
tions in the atmosphere. For example, a valley will cause
6.1.7 Development of air pollution control strategies,
persistenceinwinddirectionsandintensifylow-levelnocturnal
6.1.8 Activation of alert or emergency procedures,
inversions that will limit the dispersion of pollutants emitted
6.1.9 Land use, transportation, and energy systems
into it. Mountains or plateaus may act as barriers affecting the
planning,
flow of air as well as the contaminant concentrations in their
6.1.10 Background evaluations, and
vicinity. Consideration should be given to the influence of
6.1.11 Atmospheric chemistry studies.
these features as well as that of large lakes, the sea, and oceans
6.2 In order to cover all the variable meteorological condi-
(2, 3).
tions that may greatly affect the air quality in an area, air
9. Apparatus
monitoring for lengthy periods of time may be necessary to
meet most of the above objectives.
9.1 Details of the apparatus or instruments employed in
sampling the air or carrying out associated meteorological
6.3 The topography, demography, and micrometeorology of
investigations are discussed in other ASTM methods and
the area as well as the contaminant measured, must be
recommendations.
considered in determining the number of monitoring stations
required in the area. Photographs and a map of the locations of
10. Sampling Procedure and Siting Concepts
the sampling stations is desirable in describing the sampling
10.1 The choice of procedure for the air sampling is
station.
dependent on the contaminant to be measured. See Practice
6.4 Unless the purpose of the sampling programs is site
D3249 for recommendations for general ambient air analyzer
specific, the sites monitored should, in general, be selected so
procedures. ASTM recommended methods have been pub-
as to avoid undue influence by any local source that may cause
lished for most of the common contaminants that are sampled.
local elevated concentrations that are not representative of the
Automatic instruments providing a continuous record of the
region to be characterized by the data.
concentrations of the contaminant should be utilized whenever
6.5 Monitoring sites for determining the impact on air
possible to save manpower and increase efficiency. Very often
quality by individual sources should be selected, if possible, so
factors such as temperature, humidity, and vibrations, as well
as to isolate the effect of the source being c
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