ASTM E2691-16
(Practice)Standard Practice for Job Productivity Measurement
Standard Practice for Job Productivity Measurement
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 JPM produces two measurements: construction production rate and productivity.
5.1.1 JPM measures the overall production rate by comparing CPIP to the time elapsed in the construction schedule.
5.1.2 JPM measures overall job productivity through a comparison of labor usage to a reference point.
5.2 JPM issues early warning signals for construction.
5.2.1 JPM identifies productivity deviations in the form of any gains or losses in productivity, and anomalies indicating a special cause, from the productivity reference point.
5.2.2 JPM measures the productivity changes to individual building elements (according to the UNIFORMAT II format for organizing building data, in Classification E1557) with the same methodology used for overall job productivity measurement.
5.2.3 JPM measures ongoing changes in labor usage.
5.3 JPM measures productivity wherever the labor is used in construction by:
5.3.1 Any contractor or construction manager directly or indirectly responsible for the productivity of the labor and its usage.
5.3.2 Any contractor or construction manager conducting self performance on any portion of the construction job.
5.3.3 Any contractor or construction manager supervising labor performance on any portion of a construction job.
SCOPE
1.1 Based on the UNIFORMAT II format for organizing building data, established in Classification E1557, and depending on the level where measurement is applied (industry, total job, or building element), JPM measures construction productivity at three levels: task, project, and industry (shown in Fig. 1). By comparing labor hours used against CPIP, JPM allows for unified measurement of established building elements (according to the UNIFORMAT II format. This practice establishes a process for measuring construction job productivity by comparing labor usage to CPIP.
1.2 JPM measures labor productivity of the installation processes on a construction job.2
1.3 CPIP is measured with input from the labor performing the installation, utilizing elements of statistical process control (SPC) and industrial engineering.
1.4 JPM takes into account the difficulty of installation at any given point on a job.
1.5 JPM evaluates relative productivity changes using trend monitoring.
General Information
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Designation: E2691 − 16
Standard Practice for
1
Job Productivity Measurement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2691; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Job Productivity Measurement (JPM) measures both construction productivity differential on an
ongoing and periodic basis and average productivity over the life of the construction project.
JPM calculates the ratio of output per unit of input: how much work—Construction Put In Place
(CPIP)—was produced by how many labor hours. Additionally, JPM is an early warning signal for
construction performance. It measures ongoing productivity changes, trends, and anomalies resulting
from changes on a construction jobsite, which enables contractors, project managers, supervisors, and
foremen to react and improve productivity as the construction project unfolds.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.1 Based on the UNIFORMAT II format for organizing 2.1 ASTM Standards:
building data, established in Classification E1557, and depend- E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
ing on the level where measurement is applied (industry, total E833 Terminology of Building Economics
job, or building element), JPM measures construction produc- E1557 Classification for Building Elements and Related
tivity at three levels: task, project, and industry (shown in Fig. Sitework—UNIFORMAT II
1). By comparing labor hours used against CPIP, JPM allows E1946 Practice for Measuring Cost Risk of Buildings and
for unified measurement of established building elements Building Systems and Other Constructed Projects
(according to the UNIFORMAT II format. This practice E2166 Practice for Organizing and Managing Building Data
establishes a process for measuring construction job produc- E2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in Statistical
tivity by comparing labor usage to CPIP. Process Control
4
2.2 ASTM Manual:
1.2 JPM measures labor productivity of the installation
2
MNL 65 Application ofASTM E2691 Standard Practice for
processes on a construction job.
Job Productivity Measurement
1.3 CPIP is measured with input from the labor performing
3. Terminology
the installation, utilizing elements of statistical process control
(SPC) and industrial engineering.
3.1 Definitions—For definition of general terms related to
building construction used in this practice, refer to Terminol-
1.4 JPM takes into account the difficulty of installation at
ogyE631;andforgeneraltermsrelatedtobuildingeconomics,
any given point on a job.
refer to Terminology E833.
1.5 JPM evaluates relative productivity changes using trend
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
monitoring.
3.2.1 baseline labor hour budget, n—a budget of direct
labor hours created at the onset of a new construction project
1
that approximates how many hours will be spent on any
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 on
defined part of the project.
Building Economics.
Current edition approved March 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originally
3
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2691 – 11. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E2691-16. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
JPM is based on the application of Job Productivity Assurance and Control Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
(JPAC), which has been used in industry for more than fifteen years, resulting in 20 the ASTM website.
4
to 30 % improvement in productivity for contractors using it. Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order MNL65-EB.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2691 − 16
FIG. 1 Measurement of Productivity at the Industry, Project, and Task Level
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The budgeted hours are first assigned the jobsite including, but not limited to, hours spent on
to the tasks on the project, and can be summed to determine
prefabrication, preassembly, job-layout, supervision, or job
budgeted hours for any cost code or for the entire project.
planning.
3.2.2 control signal, n—in construction, any series of data
3.2.5 observed percent complete, n—a percentage number
points which indicates deviation from the expected job prog-
estimate, based on physical observation, that documents what
ress in relation to labor, material, or finance,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2691 − 11 E2691 − 16
Standard Practice for
1
Job Productivity Measurement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2691; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Job Productivity Measurement (JPM) measures both construction productivity differential on an
ongoing and periodic basis and average productivity over the life of the construction project.
JPM calculates the ratio of output per unit of input: how much work—Construction Put In Place
(CPIP)—was produced by how many labor hours. Additionally, JPM is an early warning signal for
construction performance. It measures ongoing productivity changes, trends, and anomalies resulting
from changes on a construction jobsite, which enables contractors, project managers, supervisors, and
foremen to react and improve productivity as the construction project unfolds.
1. Scope
1.1 Based on the UNIFORMAT II format for organizing building data, established in Classification E1557, and depending on
the level where measurement is applied (industry, total job, or building element), JPM measures construction productivity at three
levels: task, project, and industry (shown in Fig. 1). By comparing labor hours used against CPIP, JPM allows for unified
measurement of established building elements (according to the UNIFORMAT II format. This practice establishes a process for
measuring construction job productivity by comparing labor usage to CPIP.
2
1.2 JPM measures labor productivity of the installation processes on a construction job.
1.3 CPIP is measured with input from the labor performing the installation, utilizing elements of statistical process control
(SPC) and industrial engineering.
1.4 JPM takes into account the difficulty of installation at any given point on a job.
1.5 JPM evaluates relative productivity changes using trend monitoring.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E833 Terminology of Building Economics
E1557 Classification for Building Elements and Related Sitework—UNIFORMAT II
E1946 Practice for Measuring Cost Risk of Buildings and Building Systems and Other Constructed Projects
E2166 Practice for Organizing and Managing Building Data
E2587 Practice for Use of Control Charts in Statistical Process Control
4
2.2 ASTM Manual:
MNL 65 Application of ASTM E2691 Standard Practice for Job Productivity Measurement
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definition of terms general terms related to building construction used in this practice, refer to Terminology
E631 and ; and for general terms related to building economics, refer to Terminology E833.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 on Building
Economics.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011March 1, 2016. Published January 2012April 2016. Originally approved in 2007 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as
E2691 – 09.E2691 – 11. DOI: 10.1520/E2691-11. 10.1520/E2691-16.
2
JPM is based on the application of Job Productivity Assurance and Control (JPAC), which has been used in industry for more than fifteen years, resulting in 20 to 30 %
improvement in productivity for contractors using it.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order MNL65-EB.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2691 − 16
FIG. 1 Measurement of Productivity at the Industry, Project, and Task Level
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 baseline labor hour budget, n—a budget of direct labor hours created at the onset of a new construction project that
approximates how many hours will be spent on any defined part of the project.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
The budgeted hours are first assigned to the tasks on the project, and can be summed to determine budgeted hours for any cost
code or for the entire project.
3.2.2 control signal, n—in construction, any series o
...
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