ASTM F109-12
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on Ceramics
Standard Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on Ceramics
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfections observed on whitewares and related products. For additional definitions of terms relating to whitewares and related products, refer to Terminology C242. To observe these defects, examination shall be performed visually, with or without the aid of a dye penetrant, as described in Test Method C949. Agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser regarding specific techniques of observation is strongly recommended.
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Designation: F109 − 12
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Surface Imperfections on Ceramics
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF109;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope blister—bubble or gaseous inclusion at the surface which if
broken could form a pit, pock, or hole.
1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfections
observed on whitewares and related products. For additional
definitions of terms relating to whitewares and related
products, refer to Terminology C242. To observe these defects,
examination shall be performed visually, with or without the
aid of a dye penetrant, as described in Test Method C949.
Agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser regarding
burr—fragment of excess material or foreign particle adhering
specific techniques of observation is strongly recommended.
to the surface.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
Products
C949 Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by
Dye Penetration
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
Industry
camber—a single arch of curvature. (See also waviness.)
3. Terminology
blemish—strained or discolored area attributable to normal
composition or forming, or both. (See also inclusion.)
chip—area along an edge or corner where the material has
broken off.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of
where:
C21.01Editorial and Teminology on Nomenclature.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2012. Published February 2012. Originally
w = width
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved 2009 as F109 – 04(2009). DOI:
l = length, and
10.1520/F0109-12.
d = depth.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
closed chip—fractured area on the edge or corner when the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. material has not broken off (Syn. potential chip).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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F109 − 12
fin—fine feather-edge protrusion from the surface (Syn. flash).
where:
W = width
l = length, and
d = depth. flow line—one or more streaks distinguished by a difference in
light reflectance from the surrounding area, charateristic of
crack—line of fracture without complete separation.
injection-molded parts. (See also weld mark.)
crawling—apartingandcontractionoftheglazeonthesurface
grinding mark—a pattern of fine striations or scoring, usually
of ceramic ware during drying or firing, resulting in un-
directional, resulting from machining, as distinct from sur-
glazed areas bordered by coalesced glaze.
face marks
hole—a deep depression or void, the bottom of which is not
visible by normal (20/20) vision under 200 fc illumination.
crazing—the cracking that occurs in fired glazes or other
ceramic coatings as a result of tensile stresses, may also
inclusion—embedded foreign material or a stain other than
occur in the surface portion of uncoated (unglazed) white-
from normal composition or forming, or both (see blemish).
ware bodies.
kink—atypeofwavinessoccurringinteriortotheedges,notto
be confused with the more abrupt departures as ridges or
surface marks. (See also waviness.)
lump—a raised area on the surface having the appearance of
being solid.
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F109 − 12
metal marks—lines on the surface of a ceramic body or glaze pinholes—imperfections in the surface of a ceramic glaze
caused by drawing a hard metal, such as a knife, across the resembling pin pricks.
surface.
pit—a shallow depression or crater in which all surfaces are
peeling—compressive stresses in a fired glaze or other ceramic
visible by normal (20/20) vision under 200 fc of illumina-
coating of sufficient magnitude to exceed the strength of tion.
adhesion between the glaze and the body.
pock—a partially closed surface cavity.
where:
w = width.
pore—an internal cavity which may be exposed by cutting,
grinding, or polishing to become a pit, pock, or hole.
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F109 − 12
porous area—an area that will retain dye when tested in straightness of sides—the deviation from straightness of the
accordance with Practice E165 and, if broken through at the center of the side in the plane of the tile, as measured
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:F109–11 Designation: F109 – 12
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Surface Imperfections on Ceramics
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF109;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfections observed on whitewares and related products. For additional
definitions of terms relating to whitewares and related products, refer toTerminology C242.To observe these defects, examination
shall be performed visually, with or without the aid of a dye penetrant, as described in Test Method C949. Agreement by the
manufacturer and the purchaser regarding specific techniques of observation is strongly recommended.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products C502Test Method for Wedging of Flat, Rectangular Ceramic
Wall and Floor Tile
C949 Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares by Dye Penetration
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry
3. Terminology
blemish—strained or discolored area attributable to normal composition or forming, or both. (See also inclusion.)
blister—bubble or gaseous inclusion at the surface which if broken could form a pit, pock, or hole.
burr—fragment of excess material or foreign particle adhering to the surface.
camber—a single arch of curvature. (See also waviness.)
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of C21.01 Editorial
and Teminology on Nomenclature.
Current edition approved MarchJan. 15, 2011.2012. Published April 2011.February 2012. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved 2009 as
F109 – 04(2009). DOI: 10.1520/F0109-112.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F109 – 12
chip—area along an edge or corner where the material has broken off.
where:
w = width
l = length, and
d = depth.
closed chip—fractured area on the edge or corner when the material has not broken off (Syn. potential chip).
where:
W = width
l = length, and
d = depth.
crack—line of fracture without complete separation.
crawling—apartingandcontractionoftheglazeonthesurfaceofceramicwareduringdryingorfiring,resultinginunglazedareas
bordered by coalesced glaze.
crazing—the cracking that occurs in fired glazes or other ceramic coatings as a result of tensile stresses, may also occur in the
2
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F109 – 12
surface portion of uncoated (unglazed) whiteware bodies.
diagonal warpage—the departure of the center of a tile from the plane in which three of the four corners of the tile lie.
edge warpage—the departure of the center of one edge of a tile from the plane in which three of the four corners lie.
fin—fine feather-edge protrusion from the surface (Syn. flash).
3
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F109 – 12
flow line—one or more streaks distinguished by a difference in light reflectance from the surrounding area, charateristic of
injection-molded parts. (See also weld mark.)
grinding mark—a pattern of fine striations or scoring, usually directional, resulting from machining, as distinct from surface
marks
hole—a deep depression or void, the bottom of which is not visible by normal (20/20) vision under 200 fc illumination.
inclusion—embedded foreign material or a stain other than from normal composition or forming, or both (see blemish).
kink—a type of waviness occurring interior to the edges, not to be confused with the more abrupt departures as ridges or surface
marks. (See also waviness.)
lump—a raised area on the surface having the appearance of being solid.
4
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F109 – 12
metal marks—lines on the surface of a ceramic body or glaze caused by drawing a hard metal, such as a knife, across the surface.
peeling—compressive stresses in a fired glaze or other ceramic coating o
...
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