ASTM D6469-08
(Guide)Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
Standard Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide provides information addressing the conditions that lead to fuel microbial contamination and biodegradation and the general characteristics of and strategies for controlling microbial contamination. It compliments and amplifies information provided in Practice D 4418 on handling gas-turbine fuels. More detailed information may be found in the IP Guidelines and in ASTM Manual 47.
This guide focuses on microbial contamination in refined petroleum products and product handling systems. Uncontrolled microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems remains a largely unrecognized but costly problem at all stages of the petroleum industry from crude oil production through fleet operations and consumer use. This guide introduces the fundamental concepts of fuel microbiology and biodeterioration control.
This guide provides personnel who are responsible for fuel and fuel system stewardship with the background necessary to make informed decisions regarding the possible economic or safety, or both, impact of microbial contamination in their products or systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms, occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control of microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems. This guide applies primarily to gasoline, aviation, boiler, industrial gas turbine, diesel, marine, furnace fuels and blend stocks (see Specifications D 396, D 910, D 975, D 1655, D 2069, D 2880, D 3699, D 4814, D 6227, and D 6751), and fuel systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to crude oil and all liquid petroleum fuels. ASTM Manual 47 provides a more detailed treatment of the concepts introduced in this guide; it also provides a compilation of all of the standards referenced herein that are not found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section Five on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
1.2 This guide is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a general understanding of microbial fuel contamination.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D6469 – 08
Standard Guide for
1
Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6469; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
microbiological background with an understanding of the
ity)
symptoms, occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial
4
D515 Test Methods for Phosphorus in Water
contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection
D664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Products
and control of microbial contamination in fuels and fuel
by Potentiometric Titration
systems. This guide applies primarily to gasoline, aviation,
D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
boiler, industrial gas turbine, diesel, marine, furnace fuels and
D910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
blend stocks (see Specifications D396, D910, D975, D1655,
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
D2069, D2880, D3699, D4814, D6227, and D6751), and fuel
Indicator Titration
systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
generally to crude oil and all liquid petroleum fuels. ASTM
2
D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
Manual 47 provides a more detailed treatment of the concepts
D1126 Test Method for Hardness in Water
introduced in this guide; it also provides a compilation of all of
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
thestandardsreferencedhereinthatarenotfoundinthe Annual
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Book of ASTM Standards, Section Five on Petroleum Products
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
and Lubricants.
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
1.2 Thisguideisnotacompilationofalloftheconceptsand
D1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of
terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a
Solutions of Surface-Active Agents
general understanding of microbial fuel contamination.
D1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In Water
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid
standard.
4
Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D1976 Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D2068 Test Method for Determining Filter Blocking Ten-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
dency
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4
D2069 Specification for Marine Fuels
2. Referenced Documents
D2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate
3
Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant inAviation
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-
Fuel by Line Sampling
troleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D3240 Test Method for Undissolved Water In Aviation
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Turbine Fuels
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on
D3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of
Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Aviation Turbine Fuels (JFTOT Procedure)
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originally
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D6469–04. DOI:
D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
10.1520/D6469-08.
2
MNL 47, Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology: Fundamentals, Diagnosis, and
Contamination Control, Passman, F. J., ed., ASTM International, 2003.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6469 – 08
D3325 Practice for Preserva
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D6469–04 Designation: D 6469 – 08
Standard Guide for
1
Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6469; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms,
occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control of
microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems.This guide applies primarily to gasoline, aviation, boiler, industrial gas turbine,
diesel, marine, and furnace fuels and blend stocks (see Specifications D 396, D 910, D 975, D 1655, D 2069, D 2880, D 3699,
D 4814, and D 6227, and D 6751), and fuel systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to crude oil
2
and all liquid petroleum fuels. ASTM Manual 47 provides a more detailed treatment of the concepts introduced in this guide; it
also provides a compilation of all of the standards referenced herein that are not found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Section Five on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
1.2 This guide is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a general
understanding of microbial fuel contamination.
1.3The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test Test Method
for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D 396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
4
D 515 Test Methods for Phosphorus in Water
D 664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D 888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
D 910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
D 974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D 1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
D 1126 Test Method for Hardness in Water
D 1293 Test Methods offor pH of Water
D 1298 TestMethodforDensity,RelativeDensity(SpecificGravity),orAPIGravityofCrudePetroleumandLiquidPetroleum
Products by Hydrometer Method
D 1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Surface-Active Agents
D 1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen inIn Water
D 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
1
This test method guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14
on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved MayDec. 1, 2004.2008. Published May 2004.January 2009. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 19992004 as
D6469–99.D 6469–04.
2
MNL 47, Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology: Fundamentals, Diagnosis, and Contamination Control, Passman, F. J., ed., ASTM International, 2003.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Withdrawn.
4
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6469–08
4
D 1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent
D 1976 Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively-Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spect
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:D6469–04 Designation: D 6469 – 08
Standard Guide for
1
Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6469; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides personnel who have a limited microbiological background with an understanding of the symptoms,
occurrence, and consequences of chronic microbial contamination. The guide also suggests means for detection and control of
microbial contamination in fuels and fuel systems.This guide applies primarily to gasoline, aviation, boiler, industrial gas turbine,
diesel, marine, and furnace fuels and blend stocks (see Specifications D 396, D 910, D 975, D 1655, D 2069, D 2880, D 3699,
D 4814, and D 6227, and D 6751), and fuel systems. However, the principles discussed herein also apply generally to crude oil
2
and all liquid petroleum fuels. ASTM Manual 47 provides a more detailed treatment of the concepts introduced in this guide; it
also provides a compilation of all of the standards referenced herein that are not found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Section Five on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
1.2 This guide is not a compilation of all of the concepts and terminology used by microbiologists, but it does provide a general
understanding of microbial fuel contamination.
1.3The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test Test Method
for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D 396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
4
D 515 Test Methods for Phosphorus in Water
D 664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric Titration
D 888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
D 910 Specification for Aviation Gasolines
D 974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D 1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
D 1126 Test Method for Hardness in Water
D 1293 Test Methods offor pH of Water
D 1298 TestMethodforDensity,RelativeDensity(SpecificGravity),orAPIGravityofCrudePetroleumandLiquidPetroleum
Products by Hydrometer Method
D 1331 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Surface-Active Agents
D 1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen inIn Water
D 1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
1
This test method guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14
on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved MayDec. 1, 2004.2008. Published May 2004.January 2009. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 19992004 as
D6469–99.D 6469–04.
2
MNL 47, Fuel and Fuel System Microbiology: Fundamentals, Diagnosis, and Contamination Control, Passman, F. J., ed., ASTM International, 2003.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Withdrawn.
4
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6469–08
4
D 1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent
D 1976 Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively-Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spect
...
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