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ASTM E94-04

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination

Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Within the present state of the radiographic art, this guide is generally applicable to available materials, processes, and techniques where industrial radiographic films are used as the recording media.
Limitations—This guide does not take into consideration special benefits and limitations resulting from the use of nonfilm recording media or readouts such as paper, tapes, xeroradiography, fluoroscopy, and electronic image intensification devices. Although reference is made to documents that may be used in the identification and grading, where applicable, of representative discontinuities in common metal castings and welds, no attempt has been made to set standards of acceptance for any material or production process. Radiography will be consistent in sensitivity and resolution only if the effect of all details of techniques, such as geometry, film, filtration, viewing, etc., is obtained and maintained.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic film recording. It includes statements about preferred practice without discussing the technical background which justifies the preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard documents of other societies is included for additional information on the subject.
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined; radiographic examination techniques and production methods; radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage; maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available reference radiograph documents.
Note 1—Further information is contained in Guide E 999, Practice E 1025, Test Methods E 1030 and E 1032.
1.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph documents for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement between producer and purchaser.
1.4 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection against X rays and gamma rays are not covered by this document. For information on this important aspect of radiography, reference should be made to the current document of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, National Bureau of Standards, and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific radiation safety information refer to NIST Handbook ANSI 43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state regulations for agreement states.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 1.4.)

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2003
ICS
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E94-00 - Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM F1430/F1430M-20 - Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices with Supplemental Load Handling Attachments
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1030/E1030M-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E839-11(2016)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Sheathed Thermocouples and Sheathed Thermocouple Cable
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E999-20 - Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM F2895-20 - Standard Practice for Digital Radiography of Cast Metallic Implants
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1416-23 - Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM B199-17 - Standard Specification for Magnesium-Alloy Permanent Mold Castings
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1742/E1742M-18 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E748-19 - Standard Guide for Thermal Neutron Radiography of Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM D1710-15(2021) - Standard Specification for Extruded Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Rod, Heavy Walled Tubing and Basic Shapes
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM F1797-18(2022) - Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-Insulated Digger Derricks
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM B403-20 - Standard Specification for Magnesium-Alloy Investment Castings
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM F914/F914M-20 - Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission for Aerial Personnel Devices Without Supplemental Load Handling Attachments
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E2007-10(2023) - Standard Guide for Computed Radiography
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004

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ASTM E94-04 - Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E94 – 04
Standard Guide for
1
Radiographic Examination
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE94;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 1.4.)
1.1 This guide covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray
1.6 If an NDT agency is used, the agency shall be qualified
radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic
in accordance with Practice E543.
film recording. It includes statements about preferred practice
withoutdiscussingthetechnicalbackgroundwhichjustifiesthe
2. Referenced Documents
preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
documents of other societies is included for additional infor-
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-
mation on the subject.
tive Testing
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined;
E746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality
radiographic examination techniques and production methods;
Response of Industrial Radiographic Imaging Systems
radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage;
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material
maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available
Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators
reference radiograph documents.
(IQI) Used for Radiology
NOTE 1—Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice
E801 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Ex-
E1025, Test Methods E1030, and E1032.
amination of Electronic Devices
1.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—
E999 GuideforControllingtheQualityofIndustrialRadio-
Interpretationandacceptancestandardsarenotcoveredbythis
graphic Film Processing
guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph docu-
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
ments for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-
standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product
cators (IQI) Used for Radiology
specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement
E1030 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Me-
between producer and purchaser.
tallic Castings
1.4 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection
E1032 TestMethodforRadiographicExaminationofWeld-
against X rays and gamma rays are not covered by this
ments
document. For information on this important aspect of radiog-
E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
raphy,referenceshouldbemadetothecurrentdocumentofthe
eters
National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measure-
E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
ment, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and Develop-
Industrial Radiographic Films
ment Administration, National Bureau of Standards, and to
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific radiation
E1390 Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing
safety information refer to NIST Handbook ANSI 43.3, 21
Industrial Radiographs
CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state regulations for
E1735 Test Method for Determining Relative Image Qual-
agreement states.
ity of Industrial Radiographic Film Exposed to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
X-Radiation from 4 to 25 MeV
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
Industrial Radiography
2.2 ANSI Standards:
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
PH1.41 Specifications for Photographic Film for Archival
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology
(X and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originally
3
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E94-00. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E0094-04. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Guide Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
SE-94 in Section V of that Code. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E94–04
4
Records, Silver-Gelatin Type, on Polyester Ba
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ASTM E1815-18(2023)(Test Method)
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4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.  
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Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory and consistent results. This practice is not intended for controlling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopic method may be used for detecting volumetric discontinuities and density variations that are within the sensitivity range of this practice. The dynamic aspects of radioscopy are useful for maximizing defect response.
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1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of castings. Radioscopic examination of weldments can be found in E1416.  
1.2 This practice applies only to radioscopic examination in which an image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for evaluation. Test part acceptance may be based on a static or dynamic image. The examination results may be recorded for later review. This practice does not apply to fully automated systems in which evaluation is performed automatically by a computer.  
1.3 Due to the many complex geometries and part configurations inherent with castings, it is necessary to recognize the potential limitations associated with obtaining complete radioscopic coverage. Consideration shall be given to areas where geometry or part configuration does not allow for complete radioscopic coverage.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
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Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Within the present state of the radiographic art, this guide is generally applicable to available materials, processes, and techniques where industrial radiographic films are used as the recording media.  
4.2 Limitations—This guide does not take into consideration the benefits and limitations of nonfilm radiography such as radioscopy, digital detector arrays, or computed radiography. Refer to Guides E1000, E2736, and E2007.  
4.3 Although reference is made to documents that may be used in the identification and grading, where applicable, of representative discontinuities in common metal castings and welds, no attempt has been made to set standards of acceptance for any material or production process.  
4.4 Radiography will be consistent in image quality (contrast sensitivity and definition) only if all details of techniques, such as geometry, film, filtration, viewing, etc., are obtained and maintained.
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1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined; radiographic examination techniques and production methods; radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage; maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available reference radiograph documents.  
Note 1: Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice E1025, Practice E1030/E1030M, and Practice E1032.  
1.3 The use of digital radiography has expanded and follows many of the same general principles of film based radiography but with many important differences. The user is referred to standards for digital radiography [E2597, E2698, E2736, and E2737 for digital detector array (DDA) radiography and E2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computed radiography(CR)] if considering the use of digital radiography.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of RQIs is a significant departure from normal practice in industrial radiology because it is not a standard design and is dependent on the application, material, and process and therefore cannot be a simple plaque or wire. The use of an RQI provides documented evidence that radiologic images have the level of quality necessary to reveal those nonconformances for which the parts are being examined by ensuring adequate spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in the areas of interest.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 CT may be performed on an object when it is in the as-cast, intermediate, or final machined condition. A CT examination can be used as a design tool to improve wax forms and moldings, establish process parameters, randomly check process control, perform final quality control (QC) examination for the acceptance or rejection of parts, and analyze failures and extend component lifetimes.  
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1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the examination of castings by the computed tomography (CT) technique. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the nondestructive examination by CT and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the castings. This practice implicitly suggests the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.  
1.2 This practice provides a uniform procedure for a CT examination of castings for one or more of the following purposes:  
1.2.1 Examining for discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink;  
1.2.2 Performing metrological measurements and determining dimensional conformance; and  
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Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—Ultrasonic testing is a widely used nondestructive method for the examination of a material. The majority of ultrasonic examinations are performed using transducers that directly convert electrical energy into acoustic energy through the use of piezoelectric crystals. This guide describes an alternate technique in which electromagnetic energy is used to produce acoustic energy inside an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material. EMATs have unique characteristics when compared to conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic search units, making them a significant tool for some ultrasonic examination applications.  
4.2 Principle—An electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) generates and receives ultrasonic waves without the need to contact the material in which the acoustic waves are traveling. The use of an EMAT requires that the material to be examined be electrically conductive or ferromagnetic, or both. There are two basic components of an EMAT system, a magnet and a coil. The magnet may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet, which is used to produce a magnetic field in the material under test. The coil is driven using alternating current at the desired ultrasonic frequency. The coil and AC current also induce a surface magnetic field in the material under test. In the presence of the static magnetic field, the surface current experiences Lorentz forces that produce the desired ultrasonic waves. Upon reception of an ultrasonic wave, the surface of the conductor oscillates in the presence of a magnetic field, thus inducing a voltage in the coil. The transduction process occurs within an electromagnetic skin depth. The EMAT forms the basis for a very reproducible noncontact system for generating and detecting ultrasonic waves.  
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1.1 This guide is intended primarily for tutorial purposes. It provides an overview of the general principles governing the operation and use of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for ultrasonic examination.  
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Standard Practice for Standardizing Equipment and Electromagnetic Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The examination is performed by passing the tube lengthwise through or near an eddy current sensor energized with alternating current of one or more frequencies. The electrical impedance of the eddy current sensor is modified by the proximity of the tube. The extent of this modification is determined by the distance between the eddy current sensor and the tube, the dimensions, and electrical conductivity of the tube. The presence of metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the tube will alter the apparent impedance of the eddy current sensor. During passage of the tube, the changes in eddy current sensor characteristics caused by localized differences in the tube produce electrical signals which are amplified and modified to actuate either an audio or visual signaling device or a mechanical marker to indicate the position of discontinuities in the tube length. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the external or internal surface of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall.  
4.2 The depth of penetration of eddy currents in the tube wall is influenced by the conductivity (alloy) of the material being examined and the excitation frequency employed. As defined by the standard depth of penetration equation, the eddy current penetration depth is inversely related to conductivity and excitation frequency (Note 2). Beyond one standard depth of penetration (SDP), the capacity to detect discontinuities by eddy currents is reduced. Electromagnetic examination of seamless aluminum alloy tube is most effective when the wall thickness does not exceed the SDP or in heavier tube walls when discontinuities of interest are within one SDP. The limit for detecting metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities by way of conventional eddy current sensors is generally accepted to be approximately three times the SDP point and is referred to as the effective depth of penetration (EDP).
Note 2: The standard depth of penetratio...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 is for standardizing eddy current equipment employed in the examination of seamless aluminum-alloy tube. Artificial discontinuities consisting of flat-bottomed or through holes, or both, are employed as the means of standardizing the eddy current system. General requirements for eddy current examination procedures are included.  
1.2 Procedures for fabrication of reference standards are given in X1.1 and X2.1.  
1.3 This practice is intended for the examination of tubular products having nominal diameters up to 4 in. (101.6 mm) and wall thicknesses up to the standard depth of penetration (SDP) of eddy currents for the particular alloy (conductivity) being examined and the examination frequency being used.  
Note 1: This practice may also be used for larger diameters or heavier walls up to the effective depth of penetration (EDP) of eddy currents as long as adequate resolution is obtained and as specified by the using party or parties.  
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. They must be established by the using party or parties.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3024/E3024M-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flux in the part.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for industrial applications. Refer to Practice E1444/E1444M for aerospace applications. Guide E709 may be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the Level III or the cognizant engineering organization, as applicable, and the supplier.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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