ASTM E1808-96(2003)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Designing and Conducting Visual Experiments
Standard Guide for Designing and Conducting Visual Experiments
ABSTRACT
This guide is intended to help the user decide on the type of viewing conditions, visual scaling methods, and analysis that should be used to obtain reliable visual experimental data. It is also intended to illustrate the techniques that lead to visual observations that can be correlated with objective instrumental measurements of appearance attributes of objects. This guide includes a review of issues regarding the choice and design of viewing environments, an overview of various classes of visual experiments, a review of experimental techniques for threshold, matching, and scaling experiments, a review for data reduction and analysis procedures. The three different threshold and matching techniques namely, the methods of adjustment, limits, and constant stimuli, are explained. Perceptual scaling techniques reviewed include ranking, graphical rating, category scaling, paired comparisons, triadic combinations, partitioning, and magnitude estimation or production. Brief descriptions and examples, along with references to more detailed literature, are given on the appropriate types of data analysis for each experimental technique.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to help the user decide on the type of viewing conditions, visual scaling methods, and analysis that should be used to obtain reliable visual data.
1.2 This guide is intended to illustrate the techniques that lead to visual observations that can be correlated with objective instrumental measurements of appearance attributes of objects. The establishment of both parts of such correlations is an objective of Committee E12.
1.3 Among ASTM standards making use of visual observations are Practices D 1535, D 1729, D 3134, D 4086, and E 1478; Test Methods D 2616, D 3928, and D 4449; and Guide E 1499.
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E1808–96(Reapproved2003)
Standard Guide for
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Designing and Conducting Visual Experiments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1808; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1478 Practice for Visual Color Evaluation of Transparent
Sheet Materials
1.1 Thisguideisintendedtohelptheuserdecideonthetype
E1499 Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of
of viewing conditions, visual scaling methods, and analysis
Observers
that should be used to obtain reliable visual data.
1.2 This guide is intended to illustrate the techniques that
3. Terminology
leadtovisualobservationsthatcanbecorrelatedwithobjective
3.1 The terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are
instrumental measurements of appearance attributes of objects.
applicable to this guide.
The establishment of both parts of such correlations is an
3.2 Definitions:
objective of Committee E12.
3.2.1 appearance, n—in psychophysical studies, perception
1.3 AmongASTM standards making use of visual observa-
inwhichthespectralandgeometricaspectsofavisualstimulus
tions are Practices D1535, D1729, D3134, D4086, and E1478;
are integrated with its illuminating and viewing environment.
Test Methods D2616, D3928, and D4449; and Guide E1499.
3.2.2 observer, n—one who judges visually, qualitatively or
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety
quantitatively, the content of one or more appearance attributes
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
in each member of a set of stimuli.
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
3.2.3 sample, n—a small part or portion of a material or
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
product intended to be representative of the whole.
limitations prior to use.
3.2.4 scale, v—to assess the content of one or more appear-
2. Referenced Documents ance attributes in the members of a set of stimuli.
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3.2.4.1 Discussion—Alternatively, scales may be deter-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mined by assessing the difference in content of an attribute
D1535 PracticeforSpecifyingColorbytheMunsellSystem
with respect to the differences in that attribute among the
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
members of the set.
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
3.2.5 specimen, n—a piece or portion of a sample used to
D2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-
make a test.
ence With a Gray Scale
3.2.6 stimulus, n—any action or condition that has the
D3134 PracticeforEstablishingColorandGlossTolerances
potential for evoking a response.
D3928 Test Method for Evaluation of Gloss or Sheen
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Uniformity
3.3.1 anchor, n—the stimulus from which a just-perceptible
D4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Metamerism
difference is measured.
D4449 Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differ-
3.3.2 anchor pair, n—apairofstimulidifferingbyadefined
ences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance
amount, to which the difference between two test stimuli is
E284 Terminology of Appearance
compared.
3.3.3 interval scale, n—a scale having equal intervals be-
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This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and
tween elements.
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.11 on Visual
3.3.3.1 Discussion—Logical operations such as greater-
Methods.
than, less-than, equal-to, and addition and subtraction can be
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published December 2003. Originally
performed with interval-scale data.
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as E1808 – 96. DOI:
10.1520/E1808-96R03.
3.3.4 law of comparative judgments—an equation relating
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the proportion of times any stimulus is judged greater, accord-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ing to some attribute, than any other stimulus in terms of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. just-perceptible differences.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E1808–96 (2003)
3.3.5 nominal scale, n—scale in which items are scaled undermine the integrity of the experiments.The spectral power
simply by name. distribution of the illumination should be known or, if this is
3.3.5.1 Discussion—Only naming can be performed with notpossible,theli
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