ASTM E1806-96
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination of Chemical Composition
Standard Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination of Chemical Composition
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of all grades of steel, both cast and wrought, and all types (grades) of cast irons and blast furnace iron for chemical and spectrochemical determination of composition. This practice is similar to ISO 14284.
1.2 This practice is divided into the following sections. SectionsRequirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation6General6.1Sample6.2Selection of a Sample6.3Preparation of a Sample6.4Liquid Iron for Steelmaking and Pig Iron Production7General7.1Spoon Sampling7.2Probe Sampling7.3Preparation of a Sample for Analysis7.4Liquid Iron for Cast Iron Production8General8.1Spoon Sampling8.2Probe Sampling8.3Preparation of a Sample for Analysis8.4Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination ofOxygen and Hydrogen8.5Liquid Steel for Steel Production9General9.1Probe Sampling9.2Spoon Sampling9.3Preparation of a Sample for Analysis8.4Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determinationof Oxygen9.5Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determinationof Hydrogen9.6Pig Irons10General10.1Increment Sampling10.2Preparation of a Sample for Analysis10.3Cast Iron Products11General11.1Sampling and Sample Preparation11.2Steel Products12General12.1Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample forAnalysis from a Cast Product12.2Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample forAnalysis from a Wrought Product12.3Preparation of a Sample for Analysis12.4Sampling of Leaded Steel12.5Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determinationof Oxygen12.6Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determinationof Hydrogen12.7Keywords13 AnnexesSampling Probes for Use with Liquid Iron and SteelAnnex A1Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Steel for theAnnex A2Determination of Hydrogen
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 For specific precautions, see 6.4.3.5, 9.4.4.3, and 12.5.1.1 as well as Section 5.
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Designation: E 1806 – 96
Standard Practice for
Sampling Steel and Iron for Determination of Chemical
Composition
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1806; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Analysis from a Cast Product
Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for 12.3
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of all grades of steel,
Analysis from a Wrought Product
both cast and wrought, and all types (grades) of cast irons and
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 12.4
Sampling of Leaded Steel 12.5
blast furnace iron for chemical and spectrochemical determi-
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 12.6
nation of composition. This practice is similar to ISO 14284.
of Oxygen
1.2 This practice is divided into the following sections.
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 12.7
Sections
of Hydrogen
Requirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation 6
General 6.1
Keywords 13
Sample 6.2
Selection of a Sample 6.3
Annexes
Preparation of a Sample 6.4
Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Iron and Steel Annex A1
Sampling Probes for Use with Liquid Steel for the Annex A2
Liquid Iron for Steelmaking and Pig Iron Production 7
Determination of Hydrogen
General 7.1
Spoon Sampling 7.2
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Probe Sampling 7.3
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 7.4
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Liquid Iron for Cast Iron Production 8
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
General 8.1
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Spoon Sampling 8.2
Probe Sampling 8.3
1.4 For specific precautions, see Note 2, Note 6, and Note 9
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 8.4
as well as Section 5.
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination of 8.5
Oxygen and Hydrogen
2. Referenced Documents
Liquid Steel for Steel Production 9
2.1 ASTM Standards:
General 9.1
A 48 Specification for Gray Iron Castings
Probe Sampling 9.2
Spoon Sampling 9.3
A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Definitions for Chemi-
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 9.4 3
cal Analysis of Steel Products
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 9.5
E 135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
of Oxygen
Sampling and Sample Preparation for the Determination 9.6
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
of Hydrogen
E 415 Test Method for Optical Emission Vacuum Spectro-
metric Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel
Pig Irons 10
General 10.1
E 1010 Practice for Preparation of Disk Specimens of Steel
Increment Sampling 10.2 5
and Iron for Spectrochemical Analysis by Remelting
Preparation of a Sample for Analysis 10.3
E 1087 Practice for Sampling Molten Steel from a Ladle
Cast Iron Products 11
Using an Immersion Sampler to Produce a Sample for
General 11.1
Spectrochemical Analysis
Sampling and Sample Preparation 11.2
2.2 ISO Documents:
Steel Products 12
ISO 9147 Pig irons–Definition and classification
General 12.1
ISO 14284 Steel and iron—Sampling and preparation of
Selection of a Laboratory Sample or a Sample for 12.2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-1 on Analytical Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05.
Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility of Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.
Subcommittee E01.01 on Iron, Steel, and Ferroalloys. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Current edition approved April 10, 1996. Published June 1996. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1806
samples for the determination of chemical composition 4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice covers all aspects of sampling and prepar-
3. Terminology
ing steel and iron for chemical analysis as defined in Test
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms in this practice, Methods, Practices, and Definitions A 751 and Specification
A 48. Such subjects as sampling location and the sampling of
refer to Terminology E 135.
lots are defined.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
4.2 It is intended that this practice include most require-
3.2.1 cast product, n—item of iron or steel which has not
ments for sampling steel and iron for analysis. Standard
been subject to deformation, for example, an ingot, a semi
analytical methods that reference this practice need contain
finished product obtained by continuous casting, or a shaped
only special modifications and exceptions.
casting.
4.3 It is assumed that all who use these procedures will be
3.2.2 consignment, n—quantity of metal delivered at one
trained samplers capable of performing common sampling
time.
operations skillfully and safely. It is expected that only proper
3.2.3 grinding, n—method of preparing a sample of metal
sampling equipment will be used.
for a spectrochemical method of analysis in which the surface
of the sample for analysis is abraded using an abrasive wheel.
5. Hazards and Safety Precautions
3.2.4 increment, n—in sampling, a portion of material
5.1 Provide personal protective equipment to minimize the
removed from a lot by a single operation.
risk of injury during sampling and sample preparation meth-
3.2.5 linishing, n—method of preparing a sample of metal
ods. Provisions shall include protective clothing, hand protec-
for a spectrochemical method of analysis in which the surface
tion, and face visors resistant to splashes of liquid metal for use
of the sample for analysis is abraded using a rotating disk or
during the sampling of liquid metal; protective clothing and
continuous belt coated with an abrasive substance.
hand, eye, and hearing protection for use during the sampling
3.2.6 lot, n—in sampling, a collection of material regarded
and sample preparation of solid metal; and respiratory protec-
as a unit. See Specification A 48.
tion for use where necessary.
3.2.7 melt, n—liquid metal from which a sample is re-
5.2 The use of machinery for sampling and sample prepa-
moved.
ration shall be in accordance with appropriate national stan-
3.2.8 sampling, immersion, n—method of probe sampling
dards. Grinding operations used for surface preparation may be
in which the probe is immersed in the melt where the sample
covered by national legislation.
chamber in the probe fills by ferrostatic pressure or gravity. 5.3 Reference should be made to appropriate national regu-
3.2.9 sample, probe, n—sample taken from the melt using a lations with respect to the use of solvents for the cleaning and
drying of samples and test portions.
sampling probe.
3.2.10 sampling, probe, n—method in which the sample is
6. Requirements for Sampling and Sample Preparation
taken using a sampling probe inserted into the melt.
6.1 General:
3.2.11 sample product, n—specific item of iron or steel
6.1.1 This section describes the general requirements for the
selected from a supplied quantity for the purpose of obtaining
sample and for the sampling and sample preparation of iron
a sample.
and steel. Special requirements apply to each category of liquid
3.2.12 sample, spoon, n—sample taken from the melt using
and solid metal, and these requirements are described in the
a spoon and cast into a small mold.
relevant section.
3.2.13 sampling, spoon, n—method in which the sample is
6.1.2 The sequence of sampling and sample preparation of
taken from the melt, or during the pouring of the melt, using a
liquid iron and steel and cast iron and steel products is shown
long-handled spoon and cast into a small mold.
in Fig. 1. Special considerations apply to pig irons (see Section
3.2.14 sampling, stream, n—method of probe sampling in
10).
which the probe is inserted into a stream of liquid metal where
6.2 Sample:
the sample chamber in the probe fills by force of metal flow.
6.2.1 Quality:
3.2.15 sampling, suction, n—method of probe sampling in
6.2.1.1 Sampling practices shall be designed to provide an
which the probe is inserted into the melt where the sample
analytical sample that is representative of the mean chemical
chamber in the probe fills by aspiration.
composition of the melt or of the sample product.
3.2.16 test portion, n—part of the sample for analysis, or
6.2.1.2 Ensure that the sample is sufficiently homogeneous
part of the sample taken from the melt, actually analyzed. In
with respect to chemical composition so that inhomogeneity
certain cases, the test portion may be selected from the sample
does not appreciably contribute to the error variability of the
product itself.
method of analysis. In the case of a sample taken from a melt,
3.2.17 thermal method of analysis, n—method for the de-
however, some variability in analysis, both within and between
termination of chemical composition in which the sample is
samples for analysis, may be unavoidable. This variability will
submitted to a process of heating, combustion, or fusion.
form an inherent part of the repeatability and reproducibility of
3.2.18 wrought product, n—item of steel which has been the analysis.
subject to deformation by rolling, drawing, forging, or some 6.2.1.3 Ensure that the sample is free from surface coatings
other method, for example, a bar, billet, plate, strip, tube, or and from moisture, dirt, or other forms of contamination.
wire. 6.2.1.4 The sample should be free from voids, cracks, and
E 1806
FIG. 1 Sequence of Sampling and Sample Preparation of (a) Liquid Iron and Steel and (b) Cast Iron and Steel Products
porosity, and from fins, laps, or other surface defects. mass to provide for any reanalysis necessary. Generally, a mass
6.2.1.5 Take particular care when selecting and preparing of 100 g will be sufficient for a sample in the form of chips or
the sample where a sample taken from a melt is expected to be powder.
heterogeneous or contaminated in any way. 6.2.2.3 The dimensional requirements for a sample in the
6.2.1.6 A sample taken from a melt shall be cooled in such form of a solid mass will depend upon the method selected for
a manner that the chemical composition and metallurgical analysis. In the case of optical emission and X-ray fluorescence
structure of the sample is consistent from sample to sample. spectrometric methods, the shape and size of the sample will be
6.2.1.7 It is important to recognize that analysis by some determined by the dimensions of the sample chamber. The
spectrochemical methods may be influenced by the metallur- dimensions for samples given in this practice are for guidance
gical structure of the sample, particularly in the case of irons only. Refer to Test Method E 415 for sample size requirements
with white and grey iron structures, and steels in the as-cast for optical emission spectrometry.
and wrought conditions. 6.2.3 Identification:
6.2.2 Size: 6.2.3.1 Assign the sample a unique identification to deter-
6.2.2.1 Ensure that the dimensions of a laboratory sample in mine the melt or sample product from which it was taken, and
the form of a solid mass are sufficient to permit additional if necessary, the process conditions of the melt or the location
samples for analysis to be taken for reanalysis when necessary of the laboratory sample in the sample product. For pig iron,
using an alternative method of analysis. this shall identify the consignment or part of a consignment and
6.2.2.2 A sample shall be prepared consisting of a sufficient the increment from which it was taken.
E 1806
6.2.3.2 Use labeling or some equivalent method of marking purchaser, be selected from the sample for mechanical testing
to ensure that the assigned identification remains associated or from the test piece, or directly from the sample product.
with the sample for analysis.
6.3.2.5 The laboratory sample can be obtained from the
6.2.3.3 Record the identification, status, and condition of the sample product by machining or by using a cutting torch.
sample to ensure that confusion cannot arise as to the identity Special considerations apply in the case of sampling for the
of the item to which the analysis and records refer. determination of certain elements.
6.2.4 Conservation: 6.4 Preparation of a Sample:
6.2.4.1 Provide adequate storage facilities to segregate and
6.4.1 Preliminary Preparation:
protect the sample. During and after preparation, store the
6.4.1.1 If any part of the sample is liable to be nonrepre-
sample in a manner which prevents contamination or chemical
sentative in chemical composition, remove those parts that
change.
have changed. Following this operation, the sample shall be
6.2.4.2 Keep the sample, or the laboratory sample in the
protected from any change in composition.
form of a solid mass, for a sufficient period of time to permit
6.4.1.2 Remove any coating that has been applied during
retesting if necessary.
manufacturing. If necessary, degrease the surface of the metal
6.2.5 Arbitration:
with a suitable solvent, taking care to ensure that the manner of
6.2.5.1 Samples intended for arbitration shall be prepared
degreasing does not affect the correctness of analysis.
jointly by the supplier and purchaser or by their representa-
6.4.2 Sample in the Form of Chips:
tives. Keep a record of the methods used for preparing samples.
6.4.2.1 Obtain the sample by drilling or milling or turning to
6.2.5.2 Both parties or their representatives seal containers
produce chips of a regular size and shape. Do not machine on
with the samples intended for arbitration. Unless agreed to the
a part of the sample that has been affected by the heat of a
contrary, the representatives of each party responsible for the
cutting torch.
preparation of samples will keep these containers.
6.4.2.2 Clean the tools, machines, and containers used
6.3 Selection of a Sample:
during preparation of the sample beforehand to prevent any
6.3.1 Sample from a Melt:
contamination of the sample for analysis.
6.3.1.1 Melts are sampled at various stages in the manufac-
6.4.2.3 Machine in such a way that the chips are not subject
turing process for the purposes of monitoring and controlling
to overheating as indicated by a change in the color (blueing or
the process. Samples can be taken during the casting of the
blackening) of the chips. Unavoidable coloration of chips
melt to verify chemical composition i
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