ASTM F1198-92(2023)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Shipboard Fire Detection Systems
Standard Guide for Shipboard Fire Detection Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of a shipboard fire detection system is to provide warning so as to reduce the life safety threat from fire and to minimize the fire threat to the operation of the ship. Given that few ships are identical either in size or layout, it follows that the fire detection system will have to be custom designed accordingly. A well-designed system provides a reasonable substitute to having crew members on constant fire watch in every protected space where a fire might occur.
4.2 The basic function of the fire detection system is to automatically and reliably indicate a fire condition as quickly as is practical and to alert responsible individuals of a fire's existence and location. This system design and application guide addresses the individual steps in the layout of the system and provides an overview of the information needed to design a system.
4.3 The U.S. Coast Guard and the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations have been stated as requirements within this guide. Additional guidelines to assure complete and effective systems or to incorporate good industry practices are stated as recommendations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection, installation, maintenance, and testing of shipboard fire detection systems other than sprinkler systems.
1.2 This guide is intended for use by all persons planning, designing, installing, or using fire alarm systems onboard vessels. As it includes regulatory requirements, this guide addresses those vessels subject to regulations and ship classification rules. However, the principles stated herein are also suitable for unregulated commercial vessels, pleasure craft, military vessels, and similar vessels that are not required to meet regulations for fire detection and alarm systems.
1.3 Limitations—This guide does not constitute regulations or ship classification rules, which must be consulted when applicable.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F1198 − 92 (Reapproved 2023) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Shipboard Fire Detection Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Title 46, Part 76.33
Title 46, Part 161.002
1.1 This guide covers the selection, installation,
2.2 NFPA Publications:
maintenance, and testing of shipboard fire detection systems
NFPA 72E Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors
other than sprinkler systems.
2.3 Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Regulations:
1.2 This guide is intended for use by all persons planning,
SOLAS II-2/13-1
designing, installing, or using fire alarm systems onboard
SOLAS II-2/12
vessels. As it includes regulatory requirements, this guide
addresses those vessels subject to regulations and ship classi-
3. Terminology
fication rules. However, the principles stated herein are also
suitable for unregulated commercial vessels, pleasure craft, 3.1 Definitions:
military vessels, and similar vessels that are not required to
3.1.1 accommodation space, n—those spaces used for pub-
meet regulations for fire detection and alarm systems. lic spaces, corridors, lavatories, cabins, bunkrooms,
staterooms, offices, hospitals, cinemas, game and hobby rooms,
1.3 Limitations—This guide does not constitute regulations
barber shops, pantries containing no cooking appliances, and
or ship classification rules, which must be consulted when
similar spaces.
applicable.
3.1.2 alarm signalling device, n—an audible or visual de-
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
vice such as a bell, horn, siren, strobe, flashing, or rotating light
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
used to warn of a fire condition.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.1.3 annunciator, n—an audible and visual signalling panel
and are not considered standard.
that indicates and displays the alarm, trouble, and power
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
conditions of the fire detection system.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.4 approved, adj—acceptable to the organization, office,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- or individual responsible for accepting equipment, an
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. installation, or a procedure.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.5 automated machinery space, n—a space containing
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
machinery that is automated to allow: (a) periodic unattended
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
operation by the crew; and (b) continuous manual supervision
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
by the crew from a central room (enclosed) or remote location.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.6 control panel, n—an electrical panel that monitors and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
controls all of the equipment associated with the fire detection
2. Referenced Documents and alarm system.
2.1 Code of Federal Regulations: 3.1.7 control space, n—an enclosed space within which is
Title 46, Part 76.25 located a ship’s radio, main navigating equipment, emergency
Title 46, Part 76.30 source of power, or the centralized fire recording or fire control
equipment, but not including individual pieces of firefighting
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and equipment or firefighting apparatus that must be located in the
Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.10 on
cargo area.
Electrical.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally
ɛ1
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as F1198 – 92 (2018) .
DOI: 10.1520/F1198-92R23. Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:// Available from International Maritime Organization (IMO), 4, Albert
www.access.gpo.gov. Embankment, London, SE1 7SR, United Kingdom, http://www.imo.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1198 − 92 (2023)
3.1.8 hazardous (classified location), adj—locations where follows that the fire detection system will have to be custom
fire or explosion hazards may exist due to flammable gases or designed accordingly. A well-designed system provides a
vapors, flammable or combustible liquids, combustible dust, or reasonable substitute to having crew members on constant fire
ignitable fibers or flyings. watch in every protected space where a fire might occur.
3.1.9 listings, n—equipment or materials included in a list
4.2 The basic function of the fire detection system is to
published by an organization certified to perform product
automatically and reliably indicate a fire condition as quickly
evaluations. This organization maintains periodic inspections
as is practical and to alert responsible individuals of a fire’s
of production of the listed equipment or materials. The listing
existence and location. This system design and application
states either that the equipment or material meets appropriate
guide addresses the individual steps in the layout of the system
standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a
and provides an overview of the information needed to design
specified manner.
a system.
3.1.10 machinery spaces of Category A, n—those spaces
4.3 The U.S. Coast Guard and the International Convention
and trunks to such spaces which contain: (a) internal combus-
for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations have been
tion machinery used for main propulsion; or (b) internal
stated as requirements within this guide. Additional guidelines
combustion machinery used for purposes other than main
to assure complete and effective systems or to incorporate good
propulsion where such machinery has, in the aggregate, a total
industry practices are stated as recommendations.
power output of not less than 500 hp (375 kW); or (c) any
DESIGN AND APPLICATION
oil-fired boiler or oil fuel unit.
3.1.11 main vertical zones, n—those sections, the mean
5. System Types
length of which does not, in general, exceed 131 ft (40 m) on
any one deck, into which the hull, superstructure, and deck 5.1 Fire detection and alarm systems used on vessels are
houses are required to be divided by fire-resisting bulkheads. typically of the following types:
5.1.1 Electrical Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm
3.1.12 manually activated fire alarm box, n—a box contain-
Systems—These systems consist of a control panel, various
ing an electrical switch which, when manually operated, sends
types of fire detectors, manually actuated fire alarm boxes,
an alarm signal to the control panel (referred to as “Manually
audible and visual alarms, and appropriate power supplies. The
Operated Call Points” by SOLAS).
control panel monitors the fire detection and alarm circuits and
3.1.13 roll on/roll off cargo space, n—a space not normally
generates appropriate signals when an automatic fire detector
subdivided in any way and extending to either a substantial
or manual fire alarm box is activated.
length or the entire length of the ship in which cargo, including
5.1.2 Manual Fire Alarm Systems—A similar system with-
packaged cargo, in or on rail or road cars, vehicles (including
out automatic fire detectors is referred to as a manual fire alarm
road or rail tankers), trailers, containers, pallets, or demount-
system but is otherwise identical. Operation is initiated by
able tanks (in or on similar stowage units or other receptacles),
individuals who activate a manually actuated fire alarm box
can be loaded and unloaded normally in a horizontal direction.
that incorporates an electrical switch. This guide is primarily
3.1.14 self restoring, v—the ability of a device to reset itself
concerned with electrically operated automatic and manual fire
automatically after being activated.
detection and alarm systems.
5.1.3 Pneumatic Fire Detection Systems—These systems
3.1.15 service space, n—spaces used for galleys, pantries
consist of a closed length of pneumatic tubing attached to a
containing cooking appliances, locker rooms, mail rooms,
control unit. Air chambers called heat actuated devices (HADs)
specie rooms, store rooms, workshops other than those forming
are often attached to the tubing in the protected area to increase
part of the machinery spaces, and similar spaces, as well as
trunks to such spaces. the volume and thus the sensitivity of the system. As tempera-
ture builds up in a fire, the air in the tubing expands, moving
3.1.16 special category space, n—an enclosed space above
a diaphragm in the control unit. A small calibrated vent
or below the bulkhead deck intended for the carriage of motor
compensates for normal changes in ambient temperature. The
vehicles with fuel in their tanks for their own propulsion, into
diaphragm activates a release mechanism or a set of contacts.
and from which such vehicles can be driven and to which
Because pneumatic fire detection systems are self-contained
passengers have access.
(that is, independent of outside sources of power), they are
3.1.17 supervised, v—describes an electronic method of
often used to activate small automatic fire extinguishing
monitoring the electrical continuity of the circuits and devices
systems such as are installed in paint lockers and emergency
of a fire detection and alarm system. This is normally accom-
generator enclosures. U.S. Coast Guard Requirements for
plished by constantly passing a small current through the
pneumatic fire detection systems may be found in Title 46,
circuits and devices.
Code of Federal Regulations, Part 76.30.
5.1.4 Sample Extraction Smoke Detection Systems—These
4. Significance and Use
systems consist of a piping system connected to a control unit
4.1 The purpose of a shipboard fire detection system is to with a suction blower. These systems continually draw samples
provide warning so as to reduce the life safety threat from fire from the protected spaces to the control unit where a light
and to minimize the fire threat to the operation of the ship. source and photocell monitor the sample for smoke. Sample
Given that few ships are identical either in size or layout, it extraction smoke detection systems are often used in cargo
F1198 − 92 (2023)
holds because they are less likely than individual spot-type sponds when the temperature of the air surrounding the
smoke detectors to operate from dust or localized sources of detector reaches a predetermined level, regardless of the rate at
smoke such as vehicle exhausts. Also, the more delicate which the temperature rises. It is designed to avoid the thermal
electronics and control equipment can be located remote from lag time that is inherent in a fixed temperature detector. This
the harsh environment of a cargo hold. These systems are often device is also known as a rate anticipation detector.
combined with a carbon dioxide extinguishing system, using
6.5 Combination heat detectors take advantage of more than
the carbon dioxide distribution piping to draw samples from
one operating principle in a single detector housing. Combi-
the protected areas. Detailed requirements for sample extrac-
nation fixed temperature and rate-of-rise detectors are most
tion smoke detection systems are contained in proposed
common.
SOLAS Regulation II-2/13-1 and in U.S. Coast Guard regula-
6.6 Smoke detectors are devices that detect visible or
tions found in Title 46, Code of Federal Regulations Parts
invisible products of combustion. They work on several
76.33 and 161.002.
operating principles as follows:
5.1.5 Automatic Sprinkler Systems—Systems that are con-
6.6.1 Ionization smoke detectors have a small radioactive
stantly pressurized and connected to a continuous supply of
source that ionizes the air within a chamber, making it
water and fitted with a suitable means for automatically giving
conductive so that a small current flows between electrodes.
visual and audible alarm signals may also be considered to be
Smoke particles entering the chamber interfere with the free
fire (heat) detection and alarm systems. Detailed requirements
flow of ions and reduce the current, activating the detector.
are found in SOLAS Regulation II-2/12 and U.S. Coast Guard
6.6.2 Photoelectric smoke detectors use a light source and
Regulations, Part 76.25.
photocell to detect the presence of smoke. Several types may
6. Classification of Fire Detectors
be used on ships:
6.1 Heat detectors are devices that sense a fixed temperature
6.6.2.1 In the light obscuration type of detector, smoke
or rate of temperature rise. Heat detectors work on one of the
particles that enter between the light source and the photocell
three operating principles outlined in 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4.
reduce the amount of light reaching the photocell, causing the
detector to activate. Projected linear beam smoke detectors are
6.2 A fixed temperature detector is a device that responds
light obscuration smoke detectors. The light source and pho-
when its operating element becomes heated to a predetermined
tocell are separately housed, and the light beam is projected
level. Because of the time required to heat the mass of element
across the protected area. The alignment between transmitter
to its preset level, there is usually a lag time, referred to as the
and receiver is critical for proper operation of this device.
“thermal lag,” between the time the surrounding air reaches the
Shipboard vibration and flexing may affect proper alignment.
operating temperature and the time the operating element
6.6.2.2 In a photoelectric light-scattering smoke detector,
reaches its preset operating temperature. There are seven
the components are arranged so that light does not normally
temperature classification ranges. In locations where the ceil-
reach the photocell. When smoke particles enter the chamber,
ing temperature does not exceed 100 °F (38 °C), detectors with
the
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