ASTM F1198-92(2018)e1
(Guide)Standard Guide for Shipboard Fire Detection Systems
Standard Guide for Shipboard Fire Detection Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of a shipboard fire detection system is to provide warning so as to reduce the life safety threat from fire and to minimize the fire threat to the operation of the ship. Given that few ships are identical either in size or layout, it follows that the fire detection system will have to be custom designed accordingly. A well-designed system provides a reasonable substitute to having crew members on constant fire watch in every protected space where a fire might occur.
4.2 The basic function of the fire detection system is to automatically and reliably indicate a fire condition as quickly as is practical and to alert responsible individuals of a fire's existence and location. This system design and application guide addresses the individual steps in the layout of the system and provides an overview of the information needed to design a system.
4.3 The U.S. Coast Guard and the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations have been stated as requirements within this guide. Additional guidelines to assure complete and effective systems or to incorporate good industry practices are stated as recommendations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection, installation, maintenance, and testing of shipboard fire detection systems other than sprinkler systems.
1.2 This guide is intended for use by all persons planning, designing, installing, or using fire alarm systems onboard vessels. As it includes regulatory requirements, this guide addresses those vessels subject to regulations and ship classification rules. However, the principles stated herein are also suitable for unregulated commercial vessels, pleasure craft, military vessels, and similar vessels that are not required to meet regulations for fire detection and alarm systems.
1.3 Limitations—This guide does not constitute regulations or ship classification rules, which must be consulted when applicable.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: F1198 − 92 (Reapproved 2018) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Shipboard Fire Detection Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—The Keywords section was added editorially in October 2018.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide covers the selection, installation, 2.1 Code of Federal Regulations:
maintenance, and testing of shipboard fire detection systems
Title 46, Part 76.25
other than sprinkler systems. Title 46, Part 76.30
Title 46, Part 76.33
1.2 This guide is intended for use by all persons planning,
Title 46, Part 161.002
designing, installing, or using fire alarm systems onboard
2.2 NFPA Publications:
vessels. As it includes regulatory requirements, this guide
NFPA 72E Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors
addresses those vessels subject to regulations and ship classi-
2.3 Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Regulations:
fication rules. However, the principles stated herein are also
suitable for unregulated commercial vessels, pleasure craft, SOLAS II-2/13-1
SOLAS II-2/12
military vessels, and similar vessels that are not required to
meet regulations for fire detection and alarm systems.
3. Terminology
1.3 Limitations—This guide does not constitute regulations
3.1 Definitions:
or ship classification rules, which must be consulted when
3.1.1 accommodation space, n—those spaces used for pub-
applicable.
lic spaces, corridors, lavatories, cabins, bunkrooms,
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
staterooms,offices,hospitals,cinemas,gameandhobbyrooms,
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
barber shops, pantries containing no cooking appliances, and
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
similar spaces.
and are not considered standard.
3.1.2 alarm signalling device, n—an audible or visual de-
vicesuchasabell,horn,siren,strobe,flashing,orrotatinglight
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the used to warn of a fire condition.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 annunciator, n—an audible and visual signalling panel
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
that indicates and displays the alarm, trouble, and power
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
conditions of the fire detection system.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.4 approved, adj—acceptable to the organization, office,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
or individual responsible for accepting equipment, an
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
installation, or a procedure.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.5 automated machinery space, n—a space containing
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
machinery that is automated to allow: (a) periodic unattended
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://
Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.10 on www.access.gpo.gov.
Electrical. Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
ɛ1 4
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F1189 – 92 (2012) . Available from International Maritime Organization (IMO), 4, Albert
DOI: 10.1520/F1198-92R18E01. Embankment, London, SE1 7SR, United Kingdom, http://www.imo.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
F1198 − 92 (2018)
operation by the crew; and (b) continuous manual supervision 3.1.17 supervised, v—describes an electronic method of
by the crew from a central room (enclosed) or remote location. monitoring the electrical continuity of the circuits and devices
of a fire detection and alarm system. This is normally accom-
3.1.6 control panel, n—an electrical panel that monitors and
plished by constantly passing a small current through the
controls all of the equipment associated with the fire detection
circuits and devices.
and alarm system.
3.1.7 control space, n—an enclosed space within which is
4. Significance and Use
located a ship’s radio, main navigating equipment, emergency
4.1 The purpose of a shipboard fire detection system is to
source of power, or the centralized fire recording or fire control
provide warning so as to reduce the life safety threat from fire
equipment, but not including individual pieces of firefighting
and to minimize the fire threat to the operation of the ship.
equipment or firefighting apparatus that must be located in the
Given that few ships are identical either in size or layout, it
cargo area.
follows that the fire detection system will have to be custom
3.1.8 hazardous (classified location), adj—locations where
designed accordingly. A well-designed system provides a
fire or explosion hazards may exist due to flammable gases or
reasonable substitute to having crew members on constant fire
vapors, flammable or combustible liquids, combustible dust, or
watch in every protected space where a fire might occur.
ignitable fibers or flyings.
4.2 The basic function of the fire detection system is to
3.1.9 listings, n—equipment or materials included in a list
automatically and reliably indicate a fire condition as quickly
published by an organization certified to perform product
as is practical and to alert responsible individuals of a fire’s
evaluations. This organization maintains periodic inspections
existence and location. This system design and application
of production of the listed equipment or materials. The listing
guide addresses the individual steps in the layout of the system
states either that the equipment or material meets appropriate
and provides an overview of the information needed to design
standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a
a system.
specified manner.
4.3 The U.S. Coast Guard and the International Convention
3.1.10 machinery spaces of Category A, n—those spaces
for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations have been
and trunks to such spaces which contain: (a) internal combus-
stated as requirements within this guide.Additional guidelines
tion machinery used for main propulsion; or (b) internal
toassurecompleteandeffectivesystemsortoincorporategood
combustion machinery used for purposes other than main
industry practices are stated as recommendations.
propulsion where such machinery has, in the aggregate, a total
power output of not less than 500 hp (375 kW); or (c) any
DESIGN AND APPLICATION
oil-fired boiler or oil fuel unit.
5. System Types
3.1.11 main vertical zones, n—those sections, the mean
length of which does not, in general, exceed 131 ft (40 m) on
5.1 Fire detection and alarm systems used on vessels are
any one deck, into which the hull, superstructure, and deck
typically of the following types:
houses are required to be divided by fire-resisting bulkheads.
5.1.1 Electrical Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm
3.1.12 manually activated fire alarm box, n—a box contain- Systems—These systems consist of a control panel, various
ing an electrical switch which, when manually operated, sends
types of fire detectors, manually actuated fire alarm boxes,
an alarm signal to the control panel (referred to as “Manually audible and visual alarms, and appropriate power supplies.The
Operated Call Points” by SOLAS).
control panel monitors the fire detection and alarm circuits and
generates appropriate signals when an automatic fire detector
3.1.13 roll on/roll off cargo space, n—a space not normally
or manual fire alarm box is activated.
subdivided in any way and extending to either a substantial
5.1.2 Manual Fire Alarm Systems—A similar system with-
length or the entire length of the ship in which cargo, including
outautomaticfiredetectorsisreferredtoasamanualfirealarm
packaged cargo, in or on rail or road cars, vehicles (including
system but is otherwise identical. Operation is initiated by
road or rail tankers), trailers, containers, pallets, or demount-
individuals who activate a manually actuated fire alarm box
able tanks (in or on similar stowage units or other receptacles),
that incorporates an electrical switch. This guide is primarily
can be loaded and unloaded normally in a horizontal direction.
concerned with electrically operated automatic and manual fire
3.1.14 self restoring, v—the ability of a device to reset itself
detection and alarm systems.
automatically after being activated.
5.1.3 Pneumatic Fire Detection Systems—These systems
3.1.15 service space, n—spaces used for galleys, pantries
consist of a closed length of pneumatic tubing attached to a
containing cooking appliances, locker rooms, mail rooms,
controlunit.Airchamberscalledheatactuateddevices(HADs)
specierooms,storerooms,workshopsotherthanthoseforming
areoftenattachedtothetubingintheprotectedareatoincrease
part of the machinery spaces, and similar spaces, as well as
the volume and thus the sensitivity of the system.As tempera-
trunks to such spaces.
ture builds up in a fire, the air in the tubing expands, moving
3.1.16 special category space, n—an enclosed space above a diaphragm in the control unit. A small calibrated vent
or below the bulkhead deck intended for the carriage of motor compensates for normal changes in ambient temperature. The
vehicles with fuel in their tanks for their own propulsion, into diaphragm activates a release mechanism or a set of contacts.
and from which such vehicles can be driven and to which Because pneumatic fire detection systems are self-contained
passengers have access. (that is, independent of outside sources of power), they are
´1
F1198 − 92 (2018)
often used to activate small automatic fire extinguishing 6.3 Arate-of-rise detector is a device that operates when the
systems such as are installed in paint lockers and emergency temperature rises at a faster than predetermined rate. Since
generator enclosures. U.S. Coast Guard Requirements for operation does not depend on having reached a fixed tempera-
pneumatic fire detection systems may be found in Title 46, ture level, it responds to a rapid temperature rise more quickly
Code of Federal Regulations, Part 76.30. thanafixedtemperaturedetector.However,itdoesnotrespond
5.1.4 Sample Extraction Smoke Detection Systems—These to a slow developing fire regardless of how high the tempera-
systems consist of a piping system connected to a control unit ture gets. In a typical rate-of-rise detector, heated air in a
withasuctionblower.Thesesystemscontinuallydrawsamples chamber expands to deflect a diaphragm that operates electric
from the protected spaces to the control unit where a light contacts.
source and photocell monitor the sample for smoke. Sample
6.4 A rate of compensation detector is a device which,
extraction smoke detection systems are often used in cargo
because of differential expansion of several components, re-
holds because they are less likely than individual spot-type
sponds when the temperature of the air surrounding the
smoke detectors to operate from dust or localized sources of
detector reaches a predetermined level, regardless of the rate at
smoke such as vehicle exhausts. Also, the more delicate
which the temperature rises. It is designed to avoid the thermal
electronics and control equipment can be located remote from
lag time that is inherent in a fixed temperature detector. This
the harsh environment of a cargo hold.These systems are often
device is also known as a rate anticipation detector.
combined with a carbon dioxide extinguishing system, using
6.5 Combination heat detectors take advantage of more than
the carbon dioxide distribution piping to draw samples from
one operating principle in a single detector housing. Combi-
the protected areas. Detailed requirements for sample extrac-
nation fixed temperature and rate-of-rise detectors are most
tion smoke detection systems are contained in proposed
common.
SOLAS Regulation II-2/13-1 and in U.S. Coast Guard regula-
tions found in Title 46, Code of Federal Regulations Parts
6.6 Smoke detectors are devices that detect visible or
76.33 and 161.002.
invisible products of combustion. They work on several
5.1.5 Automatic Sprinkler Systems—Systems that are con-
operating principles as follows:
stantly pressurized and connected to a continuous supply of
6.6.1 Ionization smoke detectors have a small radioactive
water and fitted with a suitable means for automatically giving
source that ionizes the air within a chamber, making it
visual and audible alarm signals may also be considered to be
conductive so that a small current flows between electrodes.
fire (heat) detection and alarm systems. Detailed requirements
Smoke particles entering the chamber interfere with the free
are found in SOLAS Regulation II-2/12 and U.S. Coast Guard
flow of ions and reduce the current, activating the detector.
Regulations, Part 76.25.
6.6.2 Photoelectric smoke detectors use a light source and
photocell to detect the presence of smoke. Several types may
6. Classification of Fire Detectors
be used on ships:
6.6.2.1 In the light obscuration type of detector, smoke
6.1 Heatdetectorsaredevicesthatsenseafixedtemperature
particles that enter between the light source and the photocell
or rate of temperature rise. Heat detectors work on one of the
reduce the amount of light reaching the photocell, causing the
three operating principles outlined in 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4.
detector to activate. Projected linear beam smoke detectors are
6.2 A fixed temperature detector is a device that responds
light obscuration smoke detectors. The light source and pho-
when its operating element becomes heated to a predetermined
tocell are separately housed, and the light beam is projected
level. Because of the time required to heat the mass of element
across the protected area. The alignment between transmitter
to its preset level, there is usually a lag time, referred to as the
and
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: F1198 − 92 (Reapproved 2018) An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Shipboard Fire Detection Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—The Keywords section was added editorially in October 2018.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide covers the selection, installation, 2.1 Code of Federal Regulations:
maintenance, and testing of shipboard fire detection systems Title 46, Part 76.25
Title 46, Part 76.30
other than sprinkler systems.
Title 46, Part 76.33
1.2 This guide is intended for use by all persons planning,
Title 46, Part 161.002
designing, installing, or using fire alarm systems onboard
2.2 NFPA Publications:
vessels. As it includes regulatory requirements, this guide
NFPA 72E Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors
addresses those vessels subject to regulations and ship classi-
2.3 Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Regulations:
fication rules. However, the principles stated herein are also
SOLAS II-2/13-1
suitable for unregulated commercial vessels, pleasure craft,
SOLAS II-2/12
military vessels, and similar vessels that are not required to
meet regulations for fire detection and alarm systems.
3. Terminology
1.3 Limitations—This guide does not constitute regulations
3.1 Definitions:
or ship classification rules, which must be consulted when
3.1.1 accommodation space, n—those spaces used for pub-
applicable.
lic spaces, corridors, lavatories, cabins, bunkrooms,
staterooms, offices, hospitals, cinemas, game and hobby rooms,
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
barber shops, pantries containing no cooking appliances, and
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
similar spaces.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
3.1.2 alarm signalling device, n—an audible or visual de-
vice such as a bell, horn, siren, strobe, flashing, or rotating light
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
used to warn of a fire condition.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3 annunciator, n—an audible and visual signalling panel
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
that indicates and displays the alarm, trouble, and power
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
conditions of the fire detection system.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.4 approved, adj—acceptable to the organization, office,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
or individual responsible for accepting equipment, an
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
installation, or a procedure.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.5 automated machinery space, n—a space containing
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
machinery that is automated to allow: (a) periodic unattended
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://
Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.10 on www.access.gpo.gov.
Electrical. Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originally Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
ɛ1
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F1189 – 92 (2012) . Available from International Maritime Organization (IMO), 4, Albert
DOI: 10.1520/F1198-92R18E01. Embankment, London, SE1 7SR, United Kingdom, http://www.imo.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
F1198 − 92 (2018)
operation by the crew; and (b) continuous manual supervision 3.1.17 supervised, v—describes an electronic method of
by the crew from a central room (enclosed) or remote location. monitoring the electrical continuity of the circuits and devices
of a fire detection and alarm system. This is normally accom-
3.1.6 control panel, n—an electrical panel that monitors and
plished by constantly passing a small current through the
controls all of the equipment associated with the fire detection
circuits and devices.
and alarm system.
3.1.7 control space, n—an enclosed space within which is
4. Significance and Use
located a ship’s radio, main navigating equipment, emergency
4.1 The purpose of a shipboard fire detection system is to
source of power, or the centralized fire recording or fire control
provide warning so as to reduce the life safety threat from fire
equipment, but not including individual pieces of firefighting
and to minimize the fire threat to the operation of the ship.
equipment or firefighting apparatus that must be located in the
Given that few ships are identical either in size or layout, it
cargo area.
follows that the fire detection system will have to be custom
3.1.8 hazardous (classified location), adj—locations where
designed accordingly. A well-designed system provides a
fire or explosion hazards may exist due to flammable gases or
reasonable substitute to having crew members on constant fire
vapors, flammable or combustible liquids, combustible dust, or
watch in every protected space where a fire might occur.
ignitable fibers or flyings.
4.2 The basic function of the fire detection system is to
3.1.9 listings, n—equipment or materials included in a list
automatically and reliably indicate a fire condition as quickly
published by an organization certified to perform product
as is practical and to alert responsible individuals of a fire’s
evaluations. This organization maintains periodic inspections
existence and location. This system design and application
of production of the listed equipment or materials. The listing
guide addresses the individual steps in the layout of the system
states either that the equipment or material meets appropriate
and provides an overview of the information needed to design
standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a
a system.
specified manner.
4.3 The U.S. Coast Guard and the International Convention
3.1.10 machinery spaces of Category A, n—those spaces
for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations have been
and trunks to such spaces which contain: (a) internal combus-
stated as requirements within this guide. Additional guidelines
tion machinery used for main propulsion; or (b) internal
to assure complete and effective systems or to incorporate good
combustion machinery used for purposes other than main
industry practices are stated as recommendations.
propulsion where such machinery has, in the aggregate, a total
power output of not less than 500 hp (375 kW); or (c) any
DESIGN AND APPLICATION
oil-fired boiler or oil fuel unit.
5. System Types
3.1.11 main vertical zones, n—those sections, the mean
length of which does not, in general, exceed 131 ft (40 m) on
5.1 Fire detection and alarm systems used on vessels are
any one deck, into which the hull, superstructure, and deck
typically of the following types:
houses are required to be divided by fire-resisting bulkheads.
5.1.1 Electrical Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm
3.1.12 manually activated fire alarm box, n—a box contain-
Systems—These systems consist of a control panel, various
ing an electrical switch which, when manually operated, sends types of fire detectors, manually actuated fire alarm boxes,
an alarm signal to the control panel (referred to as “Manually
audible and visual alarms, and appropriate power supplies. The
Operated Call Points” by SOLAS). control panel monitors the fire detection and alarm circuits and
generates appropriate signals when an automatic fire detector
3.1.13 roll on/roll off cargo space, n—a space not normally
or manual fire alarm box is activated.
subdivided in any way and extending to either a substantial
5.1.2 Manual Fire Alarm Systems—A similar system with-
length or the entire length of the ship in which cargo, including
out automatic fire detectors is referred to as a manual fire alarm
packaged cargo, in or on rail or road cars, vehicles (including
system but is otherwise identical. Operation is initiated by
road or rail tankers), trailers, containers, pallets, or demount-
individuals who activate a manually actuated fire alarm box
able tanks (in or on similar stowage units or other receptacles),
that incorporates an electrical switch. This guide is primarily
can be loaded and unloaded normally in a horizontal direction.
concerned with electrically operated automatic and manual fire
3.1.14 self restoring, v—the ability of a device to reset itself
detection and alarm systems.
automatically after being activated.
5.1.3 Pneumatic Fire Detection Systems—These systems
3.1.15 service space, n—spaces used for galleys, pantries
consist of a closed length of pneumatic tubing attached to a
containing cooking appliances, locker rooms, mail rooms,
control unit. Air chambers called heat actuated devices (HADs)
specie rooms, store rooms, workshops other than those forming
are often attached to the tubing in the protected area to increase
part of the machinery spaces, and similar spaces, as well as
the volume and thus the sensitivity of the system. As tempera-
trunks to such spaces.
ture builds up in a fire, the air in the tubing expands, moving
3.1.16 special category space, n—an enclosed space above a diaphragm in the control unit. A small calibrated vent
or below the bulkhead deck intended for the carriage of motor compensates for normal changes in ambient temperature. The
vehicles with fuel in their tanks for their own propulsion, into diaphragm activates a release mechanism or a set of contacts.
and from which such vehicles can be driven and to which Because pneumatic fire detection systems are self-contained
passengers have access. (that is, independent of outside sources of power), they are
´1
F1198 − 92 (2018)
often used to activate small automatic fire extinguishing 6.3 A rate-of-rise detector is a device that operates when the
systems such as are installed in paint lockers and emergency temperature rises at a faster than predetermined rate. Since
generator enclosures. U.S. Coast Guard Requirements for operation does not depend on having reached a fixed tempera-
pneumatic fire detection systems may be found in Title 46, ture level, it responds to a rapid temperature rise more quickly
Code of Federal Regulations, Part 76.30. than a fixed temperature detector. However, it does not respond
5.1.4 Sample Extraction Smoke Detection Systems—These to a slow developing fire regardless of how high the tempera-
systems consist of a piping system connected to a control unit ture gets. In a typical rate-of-rise detector, heated air in a
with a suction blower. These systems continually draw samples chamber expands to deflect a diaphragm that operates electric
from the protected spaces to the control unit where a light contacts.
source and photocell monitor the sample for smoke. Sample
6.4 A rate of compensation detector is a device which,
extraction smoke detection systems are often used in cargo
because of differential expansion of several components, re-
holds because they are less likely than individual spot-type
sponds when the temperature of the air surrounding the
smoke detectors to operate from dust or localized sources of
detector reaches a predetermined level, regardless of the rate at
smoke such as vehicle exhausts. Also, the more delicate
which the temperature rises. It is designed to avoid the thermal
electronics and control equipment can be located remote from
lag time that is inherent in a fixed temperature detector. This
the harsh environment of a cargo hold. These systems are often
device is also known as a rate anticipation detector.
combined with a carbon dioxide extinguishing system, using
6.5 Combination heat detectors take advantage of more than
the carbon dioxide distribution piping to draw samples from
one operating principle in a single detector housing. Combi-
the protected areas. Detailed requirements for sample extrac-
nation fixed temperature and rate-of-rise detectors are most
tion smoke detection systems are contained in proposed
common.
SOLAS Regulation II-2/13-1 and in U.S. Coast Guard regula-
tions found in Title 46, Code of Federal Regulations Parts
6.6 Smoke detectors are devices that detect visible or
76.33 and 161.002.
invisible products of combustion. They work on several
5.1.5 Automatic Sprinkler Systems—Systems that are con-
operating principles as follows:
stantly pressurized and connected to a continuous supply of
6.6.1 Ionization smoke detectors have a small radioactive
water and fitted with a suitable means for automatically giving
source that ionizes the air within a chamber, making it
visual and audible alarm signals may also be considered to be
conductive so that a small current flows between electrodes.
fire (heat) detection and alarm systems. Detailed requirements
Smoke particles entering the chamber interfere with the free
are found in SOLAS Regulation II-2/12 and U.S. Coast Guard
flow of ions and reduce the current, activating the detector.
Regulations, Part 76.25.
6.6.2 Photoelectric smoke detectors use a light source and
photocell to detect the presence of smoke. Several types may
6. Classification of Fire Detectors
be used on ships:
6.6.2.1 In the light obscuration type of detector, smoke
6.1 Heat detectors are devices that sense a fixed temperature
particles that enter between the light source and the photocell
or rate of temperature rise. Heat detectors work on one of the
reduce the amount of light reaching the photocell, causing the
three operating principles outlined in 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4.
detector to activate. Projected linear beam smoke detectors are
6.2 A fixed temperature detector is a device that responds
light obscuration smoke detectors. The light source and pho-
when its operating element becomes heated to a predetermined
tocell are separately housed, and the light beam is projected
level. Because of the time required to heat the mass of element
across the protected area. The alignment between transmitter
to its preset level, there is usually a lag time, referred to as the
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1 ´1
Designation: F1198 − 92 (Reapproved 2012) F1198 − 92 (Reapproved 2018)An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Shipboard Fire Detection Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Reapproved with editorial changes The Keywords section was added editorially in October 2012.2018.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers the selection, installation, maintenance, and testing of shipboard fire detection systems other than
sprinkler systems.
1.2 This guide is intended for use by all persons planning, designing, installing, or using fire alarm systems onboard vessels.
As it includes regulatory requirements, this guide addresses those vessels subject to regulations and ship classification rules.
However, the principles stated herein are also suitable for unregulated commercial vessels, pleasure craft, military vessels, and
similar vessels that are not required to meet regulations for fire detection and alarm systems.
1.3 Limitations—This guide does not constitute regulations or ship classification rules, which must be consulted when
applicable.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 Code of Federal Regulations:
Title 46, Part 76.25 Part 76.25
Title 46, Part 76.30 Part 76.30
Title 46, Part 76.33 Part 76.33
Title 46, Part 161.002 Part 161.002
2.2 NFPA Publications:
NFPA 72E Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors
2.3 SOLAS Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Regulations:
SOLAS II-2/13-1
SOLAS II-2/12
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships and Marine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.10 on Electrical.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012Oct. 1, 2018. Published November 2012October 2018. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20072012
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as F1189 - 92F1189 – 92 (2012) (2007). DOI: 10.1520/F1198-92R12E01.10.1520/F1198-92R18E01.
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW,
Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://www.access.gpo.gov.
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Available from International Maritime Organization, 4 Organization (IMO), 4, Albert Embankment, London, England SE1 7SR.SE1 7SR, United Kingdom,
http://www.imo.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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F1198 − 92 (2018)
3.1.1 accommodation space—space, n—those spaces used for public spaces, corridors, lavatories, cabins, bunkrooms,
staterooms, offices, hospitals, cinemas, game and hobby rooms, barber shops, pantries containing no cooking appliances, and
similar spaces.
3.1.2 alarm signalling device—device, n—an audible or visual device such as a bell, horn, siren, strobe, flashing, or rotating light
used to warn of a fire condition.
3.1.3 annunciator—annunciator, n—an audible and visual signalling panel that indicates and displays the alarm, trouble, and
power conditions of the fire detection system.
3.1.4 approved—approved, adj—acceptable to the organization, office, or individual responsible for accepting equipment, an
installation, or a procedure.
3.1.5 automated machinery space—space, n—a space containing machinery that is automated to allow: (a) periodic unattended
operation by the crew; and (b) continuous manual supervision by the crew from a central room (enclosed) or remote location.
3.1.6 control panel—panel, n—an electrical panel that monitors and controls all of the equipment associated with the fire
detection and alarm system.
3.1.7 control space—space, n—an enclosed space within which is located a ship’s radio, main navigating equipment, emergency
source of power, or the centralized fire recording or fire control equipment, but not including individual pieces of firefighting
equipment or firefighting apparatus that must be located in the cargo area.
3.1.8 hazardous (classified location)—location), adj—locations where fire or explosion hazards may exist due to flammable
gases or vapors, flammable or combustible liquids, combustible dust, or ignitable fibers or flyings.
3.1.9 listings—listings, n—equipment or materials included in a list published by an organization certified to perform product
evaluations. This organization maintains periodic inspections of production of the listed equipment or materials. The listing states
either that the equipment or material meets appropriate standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified
manner.
3.1.10 machinery spaces of Category A—A, n—those spaces and trunks to such spaces which contain: (a) internal combustion
machinery used for main propulsion; or (b) internal combustion machinery used for purposes other than main propulsion where
such machinery has, in the aggregate, a total power output of not less than 500 hp (375 kW); or (c) any oil-fired boiler or oil fuel
unit.
3.1.11 main vertical zones—zones, n—those sections, the mean length of which does not, in general, exceed 131 ft (40 m) on
any one deck, into which the hull, superstructure, and deck houses are required to be divided by fire-resisting bulkheads.
3.1.12 manually activated fire alarm box—box, n—a box containing an electrical switch which, when manually operated, sends
an alarm signal to the control panel (referred to as “Manually Operated Call Points” by SOLAS).
3.1.13 roll on/roll off cargo space—space, n—a space not normally subdivided in any way and extending to either a substantial
length or the entire length of the ship in which cargo, including packaged cargo, in or on rail or road cars, vehicles (including road
or rail tankers), trailers, containers, pallets, or demountable tanks (in or on similar stowage units or other receptacles), can be
loaded and unloaded normally in a horizontal direction.
3.1.14 self restoring—restoring, v—the ability of a device to reset itself automatically after being activated.
3.1.15 service space—space, n—spaces used for galleys, pantries containing cooking appliances, locker rooms, mail rooms,
specie rooms, store rooms, workshops other than those forming part of the machinery spaces, and similar spaces, as well as trunks
to such spaces.
3.1.16 special category space—space, n—an enclosed space above or below the bulkhead deck intended for the carriage of
motor vehicles with fuel in their tanks for their own propulsion, into and from which such vehicles can be driven and to which
passengers have access.
3.1.17 supervised—supervised, v—describes an electronic method of monitoring the electrical continuity of the circuits and
devices of a fire detection and alarm system. This is normally accomplished by constantly passing a small current through the
circuits and devices.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The purpose of a shipboard fire detection system is to provide warning so as to reduce the life safety threat from fire and
to minimize the fire threat to the operation of the ship. Given that few ships are identical either in size or layout, it follows that
the fire detection system will have to be custom designed accordingly. A well-designed system provides a reasonable substitute to
having crew members on constant fire watch in every protected space where a fire might occur.
4.2 The basic function of the fire detection system is to automatically and reliably indicate a fire condition as quickly as is
practical and to alert responsible individuals of a fire’s existence and location. This system design and application guide addresses
the individual steps in the layout of the system and provides an overview of the information needed to design a system.
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4.3 The U.S. Coast Guard and the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations have been stated
as requirements within this guide. Additional guidelines to assure complete and effective systems or to incorporate good industry
practices are stated as recommendations.
DESIGN AND APPLICATION
5. System Types
5.1 Fire detection and alarm systems used on vessels are typically of the following types:
5.1.1 Electrical Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm Systems—theseThese systems consist of a control panel, various types of
fire detectors, manually actuated fire alarm boxes, audible and visual alarms, and appropriate power supplies. The control panel
monitors the fire detection and alarm circuits and generates appropriate signals when an automatic fire detector or manual fire alarm
box is activated.
5.1.2 Manual Fire Alarm Systems—aA similar system without automatic fire detectors is referred to as a manual fire alarm
system but is otherwise identical. Operation is initiated by individuals who activate a manually actuated fire alarm box that
incorporates an electrical switch. This guide is primarily concerned with electrically operated automatic and manual fire detection
and alarm systems.
5.1.3 Pneumatic Fire Detection Systems—These systems consist of a closed length of pneumatic tubing attached to a control
unit. Air chambers called heat actuated devices (HADs) are often attached to the tubing in the protected area to increase the volume
and thus the sensitivity of the system. As temperature builds up in a fire, the air in the tubing expands, moving a diaphragm in the
control unit. A small calibrated vent compensates for normal changes in ambient temperature. The diaphragm activates a release
mechanism or a set of contacts. Because pneumatic fire detection systems are self-contained (that is, independent of outside sources
of power), they are often used to activate small automatic fire extinguishing systems such as are installed in paint lockers and
emergency generator enclosures. U.S. Coast Guard Requirements for pneumatic fire detection systems may be found in Title 46,
Code of Federal Regulations, Part 76.30.
5.1.4 Sample Extraction Smoke Detection Systems—These systems consist of a piping system connected to a control unit with
a suction blower. These systems continually draw samples from the protected spaces to the control unit where a light source and
photocell monitor the sample for smoke. Sample extraction smoke detection systems are often used in cargo holds because they
are less likely than individual spot-type smoke detectors to operate from dust or localized sources of smoke such as vehicle
exhausts. Also, the more delicate electronics and control equipment can be located remote from the harsh environment of a cargo
hold. These systems are often combined with a carbon dioxide extinguishing system, using the carbon dioxide distribution piping
to draw samples from the protected areas. Detailed requirements for sample extraction smoke detection systems are contained in
proposed SOLAS Regulation II-2/13-1 and in U.S. Coast Guard regulations found in Title 46, Code of Federal Regulations Parts
76.33 and 161.002.
5.1.5 Automatic sprinklerSprinkler Systems—Systems that are constantly pressurized and connected to a continuous supply of
water and fitted with a suitable means for automatically giving visual and audible alarm signals may also be considered to be fire
(heat) detection and alarm systems. Detailed requirements are found in SOLAS Regulation II-2/12 and U.S. Coast Guard
Regulations, Part 76.25.
6. Classification of Fire Detectors
6.1 Heat detectors are devices that sense a fixed temperature or rate of temperature rise. Heat detectors work on one of the three
operating principles outlined in 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4.
6.2 A fixed temperature detector is a device that responds when its operating element becomes heated to a predetermined level.
Because of the time required to heat the mass of element to its preset level, there is usually a lag time, referred to as the “thermal
lag,” between the time the surrounding air reaches the operating temperature and the time the operating element reaches its preset
operating temperature. There are seven temperature classification ranges. In locations where the ceiling temperature does not
exceed 100°F (38°C), detectors with an operating range of 135 to 174°F (57.2 to 78.9°C) should be used. These are termed
“ordinary” temperature classifications. Several types of temperature-sensitive operating elements are used, such as:
6.2.1 Bimetallic elements, which consist of two metal strips with different coeffıcients of expansion fused together so that heating
will cause the element to deflect, making electrical contact.
6.2.2 Electrical conductivity elements, which are devices whose electrical resistance varies as a function of temperature.
6.2.3 Certain automatic heat detectors use fusible alloy elements or liquid expansion elements that operate at a fixed
temperature. These devices are nonrestorable and are prohibited by SOLAS.
6.3 A rate-of-rise detector is a device that operates when the temperature rises at a faster than predetermined rate. Since
operation does not depend on having reached a fixed temperature level, it responds to a rapid temperature rise more quickly than
a fixed temperature detector. However, it does not respond to a slow developing fire regardless of how high the temperature gets.
In a typical rate-of-rise detector, heated air in a chamber expands to deflect a diaphragm that operates e
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