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ASTM D975-02

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils

Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers five grades of diesel fuel oils suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are described as follows:
1.1.1 Grade Low Sulfur No. 1-D—A special-purpose, light distillate fuel for automotive diesel engines requiring low sulfur fuel and requiring higher volatility than that provided by Grade Low Sulfur No. 2-D.
1.1.2 Grade Low Sulfur No. 2-D— A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for automotive diesel engines requiring low sulfur fuel. It is also suitable for use in non-automotive applications, especially in conditions of varying speed and load.
1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D—A special-purpose, light distillate fuel for automotive diesel engines in applications requiring higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D fuels.
1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D—A general-purpose, middle distillate fuel for automotive diesel engines, which is also suitable for use in non-automotive applications, especially in conditions of frequently varying speed and load.
1.1.5 Grade No. 4-D—A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of distillate and residual oil, for low- and medium-speed diesel engines in non-automotive applications involving predominantly constant speed and load.
Note 1—A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuel oils is given in Appendix X1.2.
1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of delivery.
1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.
Note 2—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate diesel fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D 4865.
1.3 Values are stated in SI units and are regarded as the standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jan-2002
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.E0 - Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D975-01a - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D975-03 - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM E1259-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390 °C
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7978-14(2019) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Viable Aerobic Microbial Content of Fuels and Associated Water—Thixotropic Gel Culture Method
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7668-17 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils—Ignition Delay and Combustion Delay Using a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber Method
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM F1990-23 - Standard Guide for In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil: Ignition Devices
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7371-14(2022) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7321-21 - Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination of Biodiesel B100 Blend Stock Biodiesel Esters and Biodiesel Blends by Laboratory Filtration
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7545-14(2019)e1 - Standard Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Middle Distillate Fuels—Rapid Small Scale Oxidation Test (RSSOT)
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6079-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7042-21a - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity)
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7464-20 - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Liquid Fuels, Associated Materials and Fuel System Components for Microbiological Testing
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D8436-23 - Standard Specification for Fluoropolymer-based Materials for Use for Encapsulation of Downhole Cable
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4625-21 - Standard Test Method for Middle Distillate Fuel Storage Stability at 43 °C (110 °F)
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7932-17 - Standard Specification for Printed, Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Labels for Use in Extreme Distribution Environments
Effective Date
10-Jan-2002

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ASTM D975-02 - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsASTM D975-02 - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
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ASTM D975-02 - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: D 975 – 02
Standard Specification for
1
Diesel Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 975; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
problems in the handling of distillate diesel fuel oils. For more informa-
1. Scope
tion on the subject, see Guide D 4865.
1.1 This specification covers five grades of diesel fuel oils
1.3 Values are stated in SI units and are regarded as the
suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are
standard.
described as follows:
1.1.1 Grade Low Sulfur No. 1-D—A special-purpose, light
2. Referenced Documents
distillate fuel for automotive diesel engines requiring low
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sulfur fuel and requiring higher volatility than that provided by
3
2
D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
Grade Low Sulfur No. 2-D.
3
D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
1.1.2 Grade Low Sulfur No. 2-D— A general-purpose,
D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
middle distillate fuel for automotive diesel engines requiring
3
Closed Cup Tester
low sulfur fuel. It is also suitable for use in non-automotive
3
D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
applications, especially in conditions of varying speed and
2
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
load.
3
eral Bomb Method)
1.1.3 Grade No. 1-D—A special-purpose, light distillate
D 130 Test Method for Detection of Copper Corrosion from
fuel for automotive diesel engines in applications requiring
3
Petroleum Products by the Copper Strip Tarnish Test
higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D fuels.
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
1.1.4 Grade No. 2-D—A general-purpose, middle distillate
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
fuel for automotive diesel engines, which is also suitable for
3
Viscosity)
use in non-automotive applications, especially in conditions of
3
D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
frequently varying speed and load.
D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
1.1.5 Grade No. 4-D—A heavy distillate fuel, or a blend of
3
Petroleum Products
distillate and residual oil, for low- and medium-speed diesel
3
D 613 Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil
engines in non-automotive applications involving predomi-
D 976 Test Methods for Calculated Cetane Index of Distil-
nantly constant speed and load.
3
late Fuels
NOTE 1—A more detailed description of the grades of diesel fuel oils is
D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
given in Appendix X1.2.
3
(Lamp Method)
1.2 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agree-
D 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid
3
ment between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the
Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
required properties of diesel fuels at the time and place of
D 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-
3
delivery.
ucts (ASTM Color Scale)
1.2.1 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
3
of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more
(High-Temperature Method)
restrictive.
D 1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
3
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
NOTE 2—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create
D 2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate
3
Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
1
D 2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Avia-
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
3
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
tion Fuel by Line Sampling
D02.E on Burner, Diesel, Non–aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels. 3
D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Oils
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2002. Published March 2002. Originally
published as D975 – 48 T. Last previous edition D975 – 01a.
2
This fuel complies with 40 CFR Part 80—Regulation of Fuels and Fuel
Additives: Fuel Quality Regulations for Highway Diesel Fuel Sold in 1993 and
3
Later Calendar Years. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org)
...

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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)

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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
1.2 The test method can also be applicable to blends of diesel and biodiesel (B1 through B100), however precision for these samples types has not been evaluated.  
1.3 The test method is not applicable for analysis of petroleum containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, crude oils).  
1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.  
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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