ASTM E2297-04(2010)
(Test Method)Standard Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods
Standard Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
UV-A and Visible light sources are used to provide adequate light levels for liquid penetrant and magnetic particle examination. Light meters are used to verify that specified light levels are available.
Fluorescence is produced by irradiating the fluorescent dyes/pigments with UV-A radiation. The fluorescent dyes/pigments absorb the energy from the UV-A radiation and re-emit light energy in the visible spectrum. This energy transfer allows fluorescence to be observed by the human eye.
High Intensity UV-A light sources produce light intensity greater than 10,000 µW/cm2 at 38.1 cm (15 in.).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the use of UV-A/Visible light sources and meters used for the examination of materials by the liquid penetrant and magnetic particle processes. This guide may be used to help support the needs for appropriate light intensities and light measurement.
1.2 This guide also provides a reference:
1.2.1 To assist in the selection of light sources and meters that meet the applicable specifications or standards.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of internal documentation dealing with liquid penetrant or magnetic particle examination of materials and parts.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2297 − 04(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Guide for
Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in
the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2297; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Process
E1219 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
1.1 This guide describes the use of UV-A/Visible light
Using the Solvent-Removable Process
sourcesandmetersusedfortheexaminationofmaterialsbythe
E1220 Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using Solvent-
liquid penetrant and magnetic particle processes. This guide
Removable Process
may be used to help support the needs for appropriate light
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
intensities and light measurement.
E1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
1.2 This guide also provides a reference:
E1418 Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using the
1.2.1 To assist in the selection of light sources and meters
Water-Washable Process
that meet the applicable specifications or standards.
E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of internal documentation
dealing with liquid penetrant or magnetic particle examination 3. Terminology
of materials and parts.
3.1 The definitions that appear in E1316, relating to UV-A
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as radiation and visible light used in liquid penetrant and mag-
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical neticparticleexaminations,shallapplytothetermsusedinthis
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa- guide.
tion only and are not considered standard
4. Summary of Guide
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Thisguideshowshowthepropermeteriscorrectlyused
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to determine if adequate light levels (UV-Aand/or visible) are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
available for use while conducting a liquid penetrant or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
magnetic particle examination.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 UV-A and Visible light sources are used to provide
2.1 ASTM Standards:
adequate light levels for liquid penetrant and magnetic particle
E165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General
examination.Lightmetersareusedtoverifythatspecifiedlight
Industry
levels are available.
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
5.2 Fluorescence is produced by irradiating the fluorescent
E1208 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
dyes/pigments with UV-A radiation. The fluorescent dyes/
Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Process
pigments absorb the energy from the UV-A radiation and
E1209 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
Using the Water-Washable Process re-emit light energy in the visible spectrum. This energy
transfer allows fluorescence to be observed by the human eye.
E1210 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
5.3 High Intensity UV-A light sources produce light inten-
sity greater than 10,000 µW/cm at 38.1 cm (15 in.).
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid
6. Equipment
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.
6.1 Ultraviolet (UV)/Visible Light Spectrum
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally
approved 2004 as E22973 - 04. DOI: 10.1520/E2297-04R10.
6.1.1 The most common UV sources emit radiation in the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ultraviolet section of the electromagnetic spectrum (between
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
180 nm (1800 Å) to 400 nm (4000 Å). Ultraviolet radiation is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. a part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum between the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2297 − 04 (2010)
FIG. 1 The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
violet/blue color of the visible spectrum and the weak X-ray theAmerican National Standards Institute’s Specification H 44
spectrum. (See Fig. 1.) GS-R100 is a 100 watt mercury-vapor bulb in the Par 38
6.1.2 The UV-Arange (used for fluorescent liquid penetrant configuration and normally using a Kopp 1041 UV filter.
and fluorescent magnetic particle examinations) is considered Other newer lamps using the same bulb but with the Kopp
to be between 320 nm (3200 Å) and 400 nm (4000 Å). The 1071 UV filter or bulbs based on the Philips HPW 125-watt
UV-Brange(mediumUV)isconsideredtobebetween280nm bulb will not differ greatly in UV-Aoutput, but in general will
(2800 Å) and 320 nm (3200 Å).The UV-C range (short UV) is produce more visible light in the blue/violet part of the
considered to be between 180 nm (1800 Å) and 280 nm (2800 spectrum. (Warning—Certain high-intensity UV-A light
Å). The visible spectrum is considered to be between 400 nm sources may emit unacceptable amounts of visible light, which
(4000 Å) and 760 nm (7600 Å). will cause fluorescent indications to disappear. Care should be
taken to use only bulbs certified by the supplier to be suitable
6.2 Mercury Vapor UV-A Sources
for such examination purposes.)
6.2.1 Most UV-Asources used in fluorescent NDT utilize a
lamp containing a mercury-gas plasma that emits radiation
NOTE 1—The Philips HPW 125-watt bulb has been restricted from use
in the inspection station by many aerospace companies.
specific to the mercury atomic transition spectrum. There are
several discrete lines of the mercury spectrum in the ultraviolet
6.3 UV-A Borescope, Fiberscope, Videoimagescope and
section of the electromagnetic spectrum (between 180 nm
Special UV-A Light Source Systems
(1800 Å) and 400 nm (4000 Å)). The irradiance output is
6.3.1 Borescopes, fiberscopes and videoimagescopes are
dependent on the gas pressure and the amount of mercury
thin rigid or flexible tubular optical telescopes. They are non
content. Higher values of gas pressure and mercury content
destructiveinspectionqualitycontrolinstrumentsforthevisual
result in significant increase in its UV emission.
detection of surface discontinuities in small bores, castings,
6.2.2 UV-A sources used for NDT, employ appropriate
pipe interiors, and on internal components of complex machin-
filters,eitherinternalorexternaltothelightsourcetominimize
ery.
the visible light output (400 nm (4000 Å) to 760 nm (7600 Å))
6.3.2 The conventional optical glass fiber used as a light
that is detrimental to the fluorescent inspection process. These
guideinborescopes,fiberscopesandvideoimagescopesmaybe
filtersshouldalsoblockharmfulradiationbelow320nm(3200
a poor transmitter of UV-A radiation. These fibers transmit
Å).
white light in the 450 nm (4500 Å) to 760 nm (7600 Å) range,
6.2.3 UV-A sources are generally low or medium pressure
but do not effectively transmit light in the 350 nm (3500 Å) to
vapor sources. Low pressure lamps are coated with a special
380 nm (3800 Å) range.
phosphor in order to maximize the UV-A output. Medium
6.3.3 Three non traditional light guide materials for im-
pressure lamps do not have phosphor coatings but operate at
proved UV-A transmission in borescopes, fiberscopes or
higher electrical power levels, resulting in significantly higher
videoimagescopes, are liquid light guides, silica or quartz
UV-A output.
fibers, or special new glass fibers.
6.2.4 Typically,lowpressurelamps(tubes)areusedinwash
stations or for general UV-A lighting in the inspection room.
Medium pressure lamps are used in fluorescent inspection
Kopp 1041 UV and Kopp 1071 UV are registered trademarks of Kopp Glass
stations.Awell designed medium pressure UV-Alamp should
Inc., Pittsburgh, PA.
emit less that 0.25 % to 1 % of its total intensity under 320 nm
Philips HPW 125 watt is a registered trademark of Philips Lighting Co.,
(3200 Å) and above 400 nm (4000 Å).AUV-Abulb based on Somerset, NJ.
E2297 − 04 (2010)
6.3.3.1 Silica or quartz fibers are good transmitters of UV-A discriminate color. The eye response under low intensity
energy, but are brittle and cannot be bent into a tight radius lighting is referred to as scotopic and uses rod photoreceptors.
without breaking, nor can they accommodate the punishing
6.6.2.2 Cone photoreceptors respond to higher light inten-
stresses of repeated scope articulation.
sities and are referred to as photopic. The cones are composed
6.3.3.2 Liquid light guides are very effective transmitters of
of three different photopigments that are able to discriminate
UV-A, but have minimum diameter limitations at 2.5 mm and colors.
also exhibit problems with collapsing, kinking or loss of fluids.
NOTE4—ASTME1220,E1417,E1418,andE1444providevisiblelight
6.3.3.3 AspecialglassfiberconfigurationoffersthebestUV
requirements for magnetic particle and penetrant examination.
performance plus durability. Special glass fiber light bundles
6.7 Light Meters
combine high UV output with the necessary flexibility and
6.7.1 UV-A Light Intensity Meter: Radiant energy is a
durability required in these scopes.
physical quantity that can be measured directly in the labora-
6.4 UV-A Pencil Lamps
tory by several types of optical radiation detectors; such as
6.4.1 The pencil lamp is one of the smallest sources of
thermopiles, bolometers, pyroelectric instruments, and radio-
UV-A radiation. It is generally a lamp coated with conversion
metric meters. All UV measuring devices are selective, and
phosphors that absorb the 254 nm (2540 Å) line of energy and
their sensitivity depends upon the wavelength of the radiation
convert this energy into a band peaking at 365 nm (3650 Å).
being measured.
The lamp may be encased in a tubular glass filter that absorbs
6.7.1.1 The thermopile uses two dissimilar metals and
visible light while transmitting maximum ultraviolet intensity.
depends on electromotive force (EMF) to measure UV radia-
The pencil lamp is useful for fluorescent analysis and boro-
tion.
scopic inspection in in
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.