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ASTM D7004/D7004M-03(2021)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Grab Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes

Standard Test Method for Grab Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method evaluates grab tensile properties of reinforced geomembranes for the purposes of quality control, quality assurance, and research. In order to evaluate the full contribution of the reinforcement, testing is performed parallel to the directions of reinforcement. This test method is an index test and is not intended for design purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to measure the grab tensile properties of reinforced geomembranes.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2021
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.10 - Geomembranes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D4439-24 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Refers
ASTM D4354-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Refers
ASTM D4439-18 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
15-Apr-2018
Refers
ASTM D4439-17 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Aug-2017
Refers
ASTM D4439-15a - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM D4439-15 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Refers
ASTM D4439-14 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Mar-2014
Refers
ASTM D4354-12 - Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products(RECPs) for Testing
Effective Date
01-Jul-2012
Refers
ASTM D76/D76M-11 - Standard Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Refers
ASTM D4439-11 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Refers
ASTM D4354-99(2009) - Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Refers
ASTM D4354-99(2004) - Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Refers
ASTM D4439-04 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Refers
ASTM D4439-02 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
10-Aug-2002
Refers
ASTM D4439-01 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001

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ASTM D7004/D7004M-03(2021) - Standard Test Method for Grab Tensile Properties of Reinforced GeomembranesASTM D7004/D7004M-03(2021) - Standard Test Method for Grab Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes
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ASTM D7004/D7004M-03(2021) - Standard Test Method for Grab Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7004/D7004M − 03 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Grab Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7004/D7004M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air main-
tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a
1.1 This test method is used to measure the grab tensile
temperature of 21 6 2 °C [70 6 4 °F].
properties of reinforced geomembranes.
3.1.3 reinforced geomembrane, n—a geomembrane inter-
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
nally reinforced with a textile.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1.4 yarn, n—a generic term for a continuous strand of
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
textile fibers, filaments, or material in a form suitable for
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
knitting, weaving, or otherwise intertwining to form a textile
used independently of the other, and values from the two
fabric.
systems shall not be combined.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 This test method evaluates grab tensile properties of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
reinforced geomembranes for the purposes of quality control,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
quality assurance, and research. In order to evaluate the full
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
contribution of the reinforcement, testing is performed parallel
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
to the directions of reinforcement. This test method is an index
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
test and is not intended for design purposes.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
5. Apparatus
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.1 Tensile Testing Machine—Constant rate of extension
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
(CRE) equipment meeting the requirements of Specification
D76/D76M. The load cell shall be accurate to within 61%of
2. Referenced Documents
the applied force. The drive mechanism shall be able to control
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the rate of extension to within 61 % of the targeted rate.
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
5.2 Grips—One of the grips must be self-aligning to com-
Textiles
pensate for uneven distribution of force across the specimen.
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
The clamping force and the clamp surfaces shall hold the
Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
specimen firmly without causing damage. The clamps shall be
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
capable of gripping a 25 mm [1 in.] by 25 mm [1 in.] area.This
can be accomplished by either using 25 mm [1 in.] square
3. Terminology
clamp faces or by using clamps with dimensions of 25 mm
3.1 Definitions:
[1 in.] by greater than 25 mm [1 in.] and crossing the clamps in
3.1.1 Definitions of terms applying to this test method
the grips so that only a 25 mm [1 in.] by 25 mm [1 in.] area is
appear in Terminology D4439.
gripped.
5.3 Recording Mechanism—The testing machine shall be
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
equipped with equipment capable of producing a hard copy of
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-
the force versus displacement curve. Electronic data acquisi-
branes.
tion with printer capabilities or direct recording devices are
Current edition approved July 1, 2021. Published July 2021. Originally approved
ɛ1
acceptable.
in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7004/D7004M – 03 (2013) .
DOI: 10.1520/D7004_D7004M-03R21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 6. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.1 Lot Sample—For the lot sample, take rolls of geomem-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. brane per the applicable project specification, or as agreed
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7004/D7004M − 03 (2021)
u
...

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5.1 Since tear resistance may be affected to a large degree by mechanical fibering of the membrane under stress, as well as by stress distribution, strain rate, and size of specimen, the results obtained in a tear resistance test can only be regarded as a measure of the resistance under the conditions of that particular test and not necessarily as having any direct relation to service value. This test method measures the force required to tear a reinforced geomembrane along a reasonably defined course such as that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. The values may vary between types of reinforcement used within a geomembrane.  
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the out-of-plane response of a geomembrane to a force that is applied perpendicular to the initial plane of the sample.  
1.2 When the geomembrane deforms to a prescribed geometric shape (arc of a sphere or ellipsoid), formulations are provided to convert the test data to biaxial tensile stress-strain values. These formulations cannot be used for other geometric shapes. With other geometric shapes, comparative data on deformation versus pressure is obtained.  
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4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.  
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).  
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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ASTM
ASTM D5101-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation of the performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systems under unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained may be used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile system with respect to both particle retention and flow capacity.  
5.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of specific on-site soils and geotextiles at the design stage of a project, or to provide qualitative data that may help identify causes of failure (for example, clogging, particle loss). It is not appropriate for acceptance testing of geotextiles. It is also improper to utilize the results from this test for job specifications or manufacturers' certifications.  
5.3 This test method is intended for site-specific investigation therefore is not an index property of the geotextile, and thus is not intended to be requested of the manufacturer or supplier of the geotextile.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable for determining the compatibility of geotextiles with various types of water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.  
1.2 Two evaluation methods may be used to investigate soil-geotextile filtration behavior, depending on the soil type:  
1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, the systems compatibility shall be evaluated per this standard.  
1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.  
1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, the involved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriate method prior to conducting the test. This task may require comparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system to the detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT) test apparatus being used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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