ASTM D4439-02
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
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Designation: D 4439 – 02
Standard Terminology for
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Geosynthetics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
absorption, n—the process by which a liquid is drawn into and clogging potential, n—in geotextiles, the tendency for a given
tends to fill permeable pores in a porous solid body, also, the geotextile to decrease permeability due to soil particles that
increase in mass of a porous solid body resulting from have either lodged in the geotextile openings or have built up
penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores. C 125 a restrictive layer on the surface of the geotextile. D 5101
aerobic, n—a condition in which a measurable volume of air compressed thickness (t, (L), mm), n—thickness under a
is present in the incubation chamber or system. D 1987 specified stress applied normal to the material. D 4439
anaerobic, n—a condition in which no measurable volume of constant-rate-of-load tensile testing machine (CRL), n—a
air is present in the incubation chamber or system. D 1987 testing machine in which the rate of increase of the load
apparent opening size (AOS), O , n—for a geotextile, a being applied to the specimen is uniform with time after the
95
property which indicates the approximate largest particle first 3 s. D 4439
that would effectively pass through the geotextile. D 4751 corresponding force, n—synonym for force at specified
atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air maintained at a elongation. D 4885
relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of coupon, n—a portion of a material or laboratory sample from
21 6 2°C (70° 6 4°F). D 4439, D 4751, D 5494 which multiple specimens can be taken for testing. D 5747
back flushing, n—a process by which liquid is forced in the creep, n—the time-dependent increase in accumulative strain
reverse direction to the flow direction. D 1987 in a material resulting from an applied constant force.
basis weight—deprecated term (do not use in the sense of D 5262
mass per unit area). D 4439 critical height (ch), n—the maximum exposed height of a
bend, vt—in mechanics, to force an object from its natural or cone or pyramid that will not cause a puncture failure of a
manufactured shape into a curve or into increased curvature. geosynthetic at a specified hydrostatic pressure for a given
D 4439 period of time. D 5514
blinding, n—for geotextiles, the condition where soil particles cross-machine direction, n—the direction in the plane of the
block the surface openings of the fabric, thereby reducing fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufacture.
the hydraulic conductivity of the system. D 4439 D 4632
−3 3
biocide, n—a chemical used to kill bacteria and other micro- density (r, (ML ), kg/m ), n—mass per unit volume.
organisms. D 1987 D 4439
breaking force, (F), J, n—the force at failure. D 4885 design load—the load at which the geosynthetic is required to
breaking load, n—the maximum force applied to a specimen operate in order to perform its intended function. D 5262
in a tensile test carried to rupture. D 4632 elastic limit, n—in mechanics, the stress intensity at which
−1 −2
breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n—for geotextiles, the stress and deformation of a material subjected to an increas-
actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material. ing force cease to be proportional; the limit of stress within
D 4595, D 4885 which a material will return to its original size and shape
chemical resistance, n—the ability to resist chemical attack. when the force is removed, and hence, not a permanent set.
D 5322 D 4885
clogging, n—for geotextiles, the condition where soil particles elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding to the
move into and are retained in the openings of the fabric, breaking load, that is, the maximum load. D 4632
thereby reducing the hydraulic conductivity. D 4439 failure, n—an arbitrary point beyond which a material ceases
to be functionally capable of its intended use. D 4885,
D 5262
failure, n—in testing geosynthetics, water or air pressure in the
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This terminology is under the jurisdiction of D35 on Geosynthetics and is the
test vessel at failure of the geosynthetic. D 5514
direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.93 on Editorial and Terminology.
flexible polypropylene, n—a material having a 2 % secant
Current edition approved August 10, 2002. PublishedOctober 2002. Originally
published as D 4439 – 84. Last previous edition D 4439 – 01. modulus of less than 300 MPa (40,000 psi) as determined by
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