ASTM F1291-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to quantify and compare the insulation provided by different clothing systems. For example, variations in the design and fabric used in component garments can be evaluated. The effects of garment layering, closure, and fit can be measured for clothing ensembles. The insulation values for ensembles can be used in models that predict the physiological responses of people in different environmental conditions.
The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature, and air motion measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures with the results.
Report the insulation values in SI units or clo units as standard procedure. Conversion factors to other units are given in Test Method D1518.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the insulation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measurement of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heated manikin to a relatively calm, cool environment.
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing measurement on a standing manikin.
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement.
1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble can be measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F1291 − 10
StandardTest Method for
Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a
1
Heated Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thetypeofclothingwornbypeopledirectlyaffectstheheatexchangebetweenthehumanbodyand
the environment. The heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent
(evaporation). The insulation provided by a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs and
materials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by clothing,
distribution of the fabric layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface
area for heat loss. Insulation measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors into
account. Measurements of the resistance to dry heat loss provided by clothing can be used to
determine the thermal comfort or stress of people in cold to comfortable environments (see
ASHRAE 55-1992 and ISO 7730). However, the moisture permeability of clothing is more important
in environmental conditions where heat balance can only be achieved by the evaporation of sweat.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the insu-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
lation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measure-
ment of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heated
2. Referenced Documents
manikin to a relatively calm, cool environment.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing
D1518 Test Method for Thermal Resistance of Batting
measurement on a standing manikin.
Systems Using a Hot Plate
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
addressed in this test method.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the par-
F2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-
ticular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmen-
tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
3
tal conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air
2.2 ASHRAE Standards:
movement.
ASHRAE 55-1992 Thermal Environmental Conditions for
1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to be Human Occupancy
4
regardedseparatelyasstandard.Withinthetext,theSIunitsare 2.3 ISO Standards:
shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not ISO 7730 1994 Moderate Thermal Environments—
exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde- Determination of the PMV and PPD Indices and Specifi-
pendently of the other. cation of the Conditions for Thermal Comfort
1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble can
be measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF23onPersonal the ASTM website.
3
Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
F23.60 on Human Factors. Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published January 2010. Originally 30329.
4
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F1291 - 05. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/F1291-10. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1291 − 10
ISO 9920 1995 Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment— edge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature, and
Estimation of the Thermal Insulation and Evaporation air motion measurement, and testing practices is needed to
Resistance of a Clothing Ensemble evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this
test method are significant. Standardization of the method
3. Terminology
reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical
knowledge. Report any departures with
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:F1291–05 Designation:F1291–10
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a
1
Heated Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thetypeofclothingwornbypeopledirectlyaffectstheheatexchangebetweenthehumanbodyand
the environment. The heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent
(evaporation). The insulation provided by a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs and
materials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by clothing,
distribution of the fabric layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface
area for heat loss. Insulation measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors into
account. Measurements of the resistance to dry heat loss provided by clothing can be used to
determine the thermal comfort or stress of people in cold to comfortable environments (see
ASHRAE 55-1992 and ISO 7730). However, the moisture permeability of clothing is more important
in environmental conditions where heat balance can only be achieved by the evaporation of sweat.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the insulation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measurement of
the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heated manikin to a relatively calm, cool environment.
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing measurement on a standing manikin.
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmental
conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement.
1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown
in brackets.parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used
independently of the other.
1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble can be measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1518 Test Method for Thermal Transmittance of Textile Materials
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
3
2.2 ASHRAE Standards:
ASHRAE 55-1992 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F23.60 on Human Factors.
Current edition approved September 15, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F1291-04. DOI:
10.1520/F1291-05.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published January 2010. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F1291 - 05. DOI:
10.1520/F1291-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1291–10
4
2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO 7730 1994 Moderate Thermal Environments—Determination of the PMV and PPD Indices and Specification of the
Conditions for Thermal Comfort
ISO 9920 1995 Ergonomics of theThermal Environment—Estimation of theThermal Insulation and Evaporation Resistance of
a Clothing Ensemble
3
...
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