ASTM G40-10

Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion

SCOPE
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage uniformity and accuracy in the description of test methods and devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
Note 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2009
• ICS: 01.040.77 - Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 77.060 - Corrosion of metals
• Technical Committee: G02 - Wear and Erosion
• Drafting Committee: G02.91 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM G40-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Replaced By: ASTM G40-10a - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D7898-14(2020) - Standard Practice for Lubrication and Hydraulic Filter Debris Analysis (FDA) for Condition Monitoring of Machinery
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G195-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform Abraser
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D2783-21 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Four-Ball Method)
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM F3446-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Frictional Torque and Friction Factor for Hip Implants Using an Anatomical Motion Hip Simulator
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G75-15(2021) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response of Materials (SAR Number)
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D7690-11(2021) - Standard Practice for Microscopic Characterization of Particles from In-Service Lubricants by Analytical Ferrography
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G194-08(2018) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Rolling Friction Characteristics of a Spherical Shape on a Flat Horizontal Plane
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G132-96(2018) - Standard Test Method for Pin Abrasion Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D8316-20a - Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Wear Properties of Extreme Pressure (EP) Lubricating Oils with the Roller-Disk Geometry Using SRV Test Machine
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM F1875-98(2022) - Standard Practice for Fretting Corrosion Testing of Modular Implant Interfaces: Hip Femoral Head-Bore and Cone Taper Interface
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D7684-11(2020) - Standard Guide for Microscopic Characterization of Particles from In-Service Lubricants
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G119-09(2021) - Standard Guide for Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010
• Referred By: ASTM E2789-10(2021) - Standard Guide for Fretting Fatigue Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:G40–10
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG40;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both
abrasivewearandcorrosioninwhicheachoftheseprocesses
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent
is affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in
terminologyrelatingtowearanderosionofsolidbodiesdueto
many cases, is thereby accelerated.
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, im-
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause
pingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or
abrasive wear.
relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids.This
absolute impact velocity— See impact velocity.
scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes
acceleration period, n— in cavitation and liquid impingement
where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical
erosion, the stage following the incubation period during
action and other related technical fields as, for instance,
which the erosion rate increases from near zero to a
lubrication.
maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any
accumulation period, n— in cavitation and liquid impinge-
particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply
ment erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between
termsgivenhereinaretherecommendedtermsfortheconcepts
contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer be-
they represent unless otherwise noted.
tween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted
angle of attack, n—in impingement erosion,theanglebetween
and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly appli-
the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid
cable to the scope as defined herein.
particle and the tangent to the surface at the point of impact.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage unifor-
angle of incidence, n—in impingement erosion, the angle
mity and accuracy in the description of test methods and
between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or
devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear
solid particle and the normal to the surface at the point of
and erosion.
impact.
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is
apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of contact
defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
betweentwosolidsurfacesdefinedbytheboundariesoftheir
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
macroscopic interface. (Contrast with real area of contact.)
asperity, n—in tribology, a protuberance in the small-scale
2. Referenced Documents
2 topographical irregularities of a solid surface.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
attenuation period, n— in cavitation and liquid impingement
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
erosion, a less-preferred term for deceleration period.
Products
average erosion rate, n—alesspreferredtermfor cumulative
3. Terminology erosion rate.
Beilby layer, n—an altered surface layer of supposedly amor-
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protu-
phousmaterialformedonacrystallinesolidduringmechani-
berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
cal polishing, whose existence was proposed in Sir George
Beilby’s writings. The existence of such a layer is not
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear supported by recent research, and the use of this term is
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminol-
therefore considered archaic and is strongly discouraged.
ogy.
break-in, n—See run-in.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally
break in, v—See run in.
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as G40–09. DOI:
10.1520/G0040-10.
brinelling, n—damagetoasolidbearingsurfacecharacterized
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
by one or more plastically formed indentations caused by
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
static or impulsive overloads, especially as found in rolling
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
contact bearings. (See also false brinelling.)
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 10
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:G40–09 Designation:G40–10
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG40;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion
against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss
is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that
its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they
represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable
to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 Thepurposeofthisterminologyistoencourageuniformityandaccuracyinthedescriptionoftestmethodsanddevicesand
in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
3. Terminology
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both abrasive wear and corrosion in which each of these processes is
affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in many cases, is thereby accelerated.
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause abrasive wear.
absolute impact velocity— See impact velocity.
acceleration period, n— in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, the stage following the incubation period during which
the erosion rate increases from near zero to a maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
accumulation period, n— in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer between the two
surfaces or loss from either surface.
angle of attack, n—in impingement erosion,theanglebetweenthedirectionofmotionofanimpingingliquidorsolidparticleand
the tangent to the surface at the point of impact.
angle of incidence, n—in impingement erosion, the angle between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid particle
and the normal to the surface at the point of impact.
apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their
macroscopic interface. (Contrast with real area of contact.)
asperity, n—in tribology, a protuberance in the small-scale topographical irregularities of a solid surface.
attenuation period, n— in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, a less-preferred term for deceleration period.
average erosion rate, n—a less preferred term for cumulative erosion rate.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminology.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as G40–05. DOI:
10.1520/G0040-09.
CurrenteditionapprovedJan.1,2010.PublishedFebruary2010.Originallyapprovedin1973.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2009asG40–09.DOI:10.1520/G0040-10.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
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G40–10
Beilby layer, n—an altered surface layer o
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