ASTM D1331-89(2001)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Surface-Active Agents (Withdrawn 2010)
Standard Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Surface-Active Agents (Withdrawn 2010)
ABSTRACT
These test methods cover the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of solutions of surface-active agents using a tensiometer. Method A covers aqueous solutions of surface-active agents, but is also applicable to non-aqueous solutions and mixed solvent solutions. Method B is applicable to two-phase solutions. More than one solute component may be present, including solute components that are not in themselves surface-active.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of solutions of surface-active agents, as defined in Terminology D 459. Two methods are covered as follows:
Method A—Surface Tension.
Method B—Interfacial Tension.
1.2 Method A is written primarily to cover aqueous solutions of surface-active agents, but is also applicable to nonaqueous solutions and mixed solvent solutions.
1.3 Method B is applicable to two-phase solutions. More than one solute component may be present, including solute components that are not in themselves surface-active.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
These test methods cover the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of solutions of surface-active agents, as defined in Terminology D459.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D12 on Soaps and Other Detergents and the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.15 on Physical Testing, these test methods were withdrawn in January 2010 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D1331 – 89 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Methods for
Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Surface-
Active Agents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1331; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope circular. When set in the instrument, the plane of the ring shall
be horizontal, that is, parallel to the surface plane of the liquid
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of surface
being tested.
tension and interfacial tension of solutions of surface-active
3.2 Sample Container—The vessel for holding the liquid
agents, as defined in Terminology D459. Two methods are
shall be not less than 6 cm in diameter, and sufficiently large to
covered as follows:
ensure that the contact angle between the ring and the interface
Method A—Surface Tension.
is zero.
Method B—Interfacial Tension.
1.2 Method A is written primarily to cover aqueous solu-
4. Preparation ofApparatus
tions of surface-active agents, but is also applicable to non-
4.1 Clean all glassware thoroughly. The use of fresh
aqueous solutions and mixed solvent solutions.
chromic-sulfuric acid cleaning mixture, followed by a thor-
1.3 Method B is applicable to two-phase solutions. More
ough rinsing in distilled water, is recommended.
than one solute component may be present, including solute
4.2 Clean the platinum ring by rinsing thoroughly in a
components that are not in themselves surface-active.
suitable solvent and in distilled water, before taking a set of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
measurements. Allow the ring to dry, and then heat to white
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
heat in the oxidizing portion of a gas flame.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Calibration ofApparatus
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety
5.1 The tensiometer is, in fact, a torsion balance, and the
Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review
absolute accuracy depends on the length of the torsion arm,
them for hazards prior to usage.
which is adjustable. Torsion may be applied to the wire by
2. Referenced Documents means of either the dial-adjusting screw (which controls the
2 dial reading) or a rear adjusting screw. Calibration consists
2.1 ASTM Standards:
essentially in adjusting the length of the torsion arm so that the
D459 Terminology Relating to Soaps and Other Detergents
dial scale will read directly in dynes per centimetre. The
3. Apparatus precisiontensiometershallbecalibratedinaccordancewiththe
following: 5.1.1-5.1.3; the interfacial tensiometer shall be
3.1 Tensiometer—Either the du Nouy precision tensiometer
calibrated in accordance with 5.1.1-5.1.4.
ortheduNouyinterfacialtensiometer,equippedwitheitherthe
5.1.1 Level the tensiometer. A liquid level of the type
4 or the 6-cm circumference platinum ring, as furnished by the
employed on analytical balances may be used. Place the level
manufacturer, may be used.The tensiometer shall be placed on
on the table that holds the sample for testing, and adjust the leg
a sturdy support that is free from vibrations and other distur-
screws of the tensiometer until the table is horizontal. Pull the
bances such as wind, sunlight, and heat. The wire of the ring
torsion wire taut by means of the tension screw, and adjust the
shall be in one plane, free of bends or irregularities, and
dial reading and the vernier to zero. Insert the platinum ring in
the holder, and place a small piece of paper across the ring.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on
This will serve as a platform to hold the calibrating weight.
Soaps and Other Detergents and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
Turn the rear adjusting screw of the torsion wire until the index
D12.15 on Physical Testing.
levelofthearmisoppositethereferencelineofthemirror;this
Current edition approved May 26, 1989. Published July 1989. Originally
published as D1331 – 54 T. Last previous editions D1331 – 56 (1986). DOI:
automatically compensates for the weight of the paper plat-
10.1520/D1331-89R01.
form. Next, place an accurately standardized weight of be-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tween 500 and 800 mg on the paper platform and turn the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1331 – 89 (2001)
dial-adjusting screw until the index level of the arm is opposite Raisethesampleplatformbymeansofitsadjustingscrewuntil
the reference line of the mirror. Record the dial reading to 0.10 the ring is just submerged.
divison. Call this “gamma-c.”
NOTE 5—Since the surface tension of a solution is a function of the
5.1.2 Calculate what the reading “gamma-c” obtained in
concentration, care must be taken that the concentration is adjusted and
5.1.1 should be when the tensiometer is properly adjusted, as
recorded within known limits. The presence of solutes other than the
follows (Note 1): surface-active agent should be ascertained and reported qualitatively and
quantitatively, insofar as possible. This includes hardness components in
g 5 M 3 g /2L (1)
~ !
c
the water. Care should be taken that the solution is physically homoge-
neous. Measurements made near or above the cloud point or other critical
where:
solubility points can be in serious error. This is particularly true when the
M = weight placed on the paper platform, g,
solute is a surface-active material.
g = gravity constant (Note 2), cgs units, and
6.3 Lower the platform slowly, at the same time applying
L = mean circumference of the ring (furnished by the
manufacturer with each ring). torsion to the wire by means of the dial-adjusting screw. These
simultaneous adjustments must be carefully proportioned so
If the recorded dial reading “gamma-c” is greater than the
that the ring system remains constantly in its zero position.As
calculated value, the torsion arm should be shortened. If
the breaking point is approached, the adjustments must be
“gamma-c” is less than the calculated value, the torsion arm
made more carefully and more slowly. Record the dial reading
should be lengthened. Repeat the calibration procedure, read-
when the ring detaches from the surface.
justing the zero position after each change in the length of the
6.4 Make at least two measurements. Additional measure-
torsion arm, until the dial reading agrees with the calculated
ments shall be made if indicated by the overall variation
value. Each unit of the scale now represents a pull on the ring
obtained, the total number of readings to be determined by the
of 1 dyne/cm. Note that a conversion factor,F (see 5.1.3), must
magnitude of that variation.
be multiplied by the scale reading to give corrected surface
6.5 Recordthetemperatureofthesolutionandtheageofthe
tension in dynes per centimetre.
surface at the time of testing. Since the submerging of the ring
NOTE 1—Example—If M is exactly 0.600 g and L is 4.00 cm:
(6.2) may constitute a significant disturbance of the surface,
g = (0.600 3 980.3)/(2 3 4.00) = 73.52 dynes/cm
c
take the age as the elapsed time between submersion and
NOTE 2—The gravity constant is 980.3 at Chicago; in other localities it
breakaway of the ring. The accuracy of this time observation
will differ very slightly from this value.
may be indicated in the usual manner. In most cases an
5.1.3 After the tensiometer has been calibrated, it is conve-
accuracy of 65 s is reasonable, and sufficient for this test
nienttocalculatethenumberofgramstotalpullontheringthat
method.
is represented by each scale division. This is done simply by
dividing the scale reading into the weight used for calibration
7. Calculation and Report
(Note3).Thisvalueisuse
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