ASTM D3884-09(2013)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be discarded at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or discarded after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests. Similar abradants used in different laboratories will not change at the same rate, due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a specified degree o...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the rotary platform, double-head tester (RPDH). Note 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in Test Methods D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, D4966, and AATCC 93.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard: the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3884 − 09(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform,
Double-Head Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D5034 TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
sion resistance of textile fabrics using the rotary platform,
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
double-head tester (RPDH).
D7255 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Leather
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of
(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
textile fabrics are given in Test Methods D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158,
2.2 Other Documents:
D4966, and AATCC 93.
AATCC 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerator
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Method
standard: the values in English units are provided as informa-
tion only and are not exact equivalents.
3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.60, Fabric Test
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Methods, Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
abrasion, abrasion cycle, breaking force.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
2. Referenced Documents Terminology D123.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
4.1 Aspecimenisabradedusingrotaryrubbingactionunder
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile controlled conditions of pressure and abrasive action. The test
specimen, mounted on a turntable platform, turns on a vertical
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile axis, against the sliding rotation of two abrading wheels. One
abrading wheel rubs the specimen outward toward the periph-
Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile ery and the other, inward toward the center. The resulting
abrasion marks form a pattern of crossed arcs over an area of
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics approximately 30 cm . Resistance to abrasion is evaluated by
various means which are described in Section 13.
(Uniform Abrasion)
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
5. Significance and Use
Methods
D4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile
Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
and other materials is very complex.The resistance to abrasion
is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical
properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
type,kind,andamountoffinishingmaterialaddedtothefibers,
Specific.
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
yarns, or fabric.
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D3884 – 09. DOI:
10.1520/D3884-09R13.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
Standards volumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageon (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
the ASTM website. www.aatcc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3884 − 09 (2013)
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the 5.7 Before definite predictions of fabric usefulness can be
conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variable drawn from an abrasion test as made on the rotary platform,
action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the double-head (RPDH) abrader (Fig. 1), actual end-use trials
tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen should be conducted and related to the abrasion test. Different
types of wear (for example, wear on men’s clothing at cuffs,
and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.
crotch, etc.) may correspond to different ratings of the RPDH
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes
test.
in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must
5.8 In making a comparison of different fabrics (that is, of
accordingly be discarded at frequent intervals or checked
different fibers, weights, etc.) the RPDH test will not always
periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the
reveal a difference known to exist when the fabrics are actually
abradant is used only once or discarded after limited use. With
used.Therefore,end-usetrialsshouldbeconductedinconjunc-
permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent
tion with the RPDH abrasion test, at least as a guide for future
surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change
testing of these fabrics.
appreciably in a specific series of tests. Similar abradants used
in different laboratories will not change at the same rate, due to 5.9 Uncontrolled manufacturing or finishing variations oc-
differencesinusage.Permanentabradantsmayalsochangedue
curring within a fabric or within lots of the same style of fabric
to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and can, however, be detected satisfactorily with the RPDH tester.
must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The mea-
5.10 Because of the conditions mentioned above, techni-
surement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be
cians frequently fail to get good agreement between results
affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by
obtainedonthesametypeoftestinginstrumentbothwithinand
the judgment of the operator.
between laboratories, and the precision of these test methods is
uncertain. This test method is accordingly not recommended
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-
for acceptance testing in contractual agreements between
sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only
purchaser and supplier because of the poor between-laboratory
one of several factors contributing to wear performance or
precision of the test method.
durability as experienced in the actual use of the material.
While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the
5.11 If there are differences of practical significance be-
number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
technique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
tionorwearingoutinuse,includingtheeffectsofabrasion)are
assistance. As a minimum, the test samples used are to be as
frequently related, the relationship varies with different end
homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which
uses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculation
the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned
of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratory
in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing.The test results
tests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-use
from the two laboratories should be compared using a statis-
performance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-
tical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior
tanceofvariousmaterialsislarge,buttheyshouldnotberelied
to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be
upon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. In
found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in
general, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actual
consideration of the known bias.
wear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing the
specific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests and
6. Apparatus
actual wear in the intended end-use.
6.1 Rotary Platform, Double-Head (RPDH) Abrader (Fig.
5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics, 1), consisting of the following elements described in
including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-
6.1.1-6.1.5
hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is not 6.1.1 Removeable, turntable platform that includes a rubber
surprising, therefore, to find that there are many different types
pad, clamp plate and knurled nut, and clamp ring to secure the
of abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions, specimen. The specimen holder shall be motor driven, and
testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-
mounted so as to produce circular surface travel of a flat
tance and interpretation of results.
specimen in the plane of its surface.
6.1.2 Pair of pivoted arms to which the abrasive wheels and
5.6 All the test procedures and instruments that have been
accessory weights are attached.
developed for abrasion resistance of fabrics may show a high
degree of variability in results obtained by different operators
and in different laboratories, however, they represent the
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
procedures most widely used in the industry. Because there is
is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St. North Tonawanda, NY 14120. If you are aware
a definite need for measuring the relative resistance to
of alternate suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM headquarters. Your
abrasion, this is one of the several procedures that is useful to
comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
help minimize the inherent variation in results that may occur. technical committee, which you may attend.
D3884 − 09 (2013)
FIG. 1 Rotary Platform Double Head Abrader
6.1.3 Motor capable of rotating the platform and specimen 6.3 Accessory Loads, The RPDH abrader is provided with a
at a speed of 72 62 r/min. load adjustment for varying the load of the abrader wheels on
6.1.4 Vacuumnozzleandvacuumcleanerforremovaloflint the specimen. The pivoted abrader arms without auxiliary
and debris from specimen. The height of the vacuum nozzle weights or counter weights apply a load against the specimen
shallbeadjustableandthenozzlewillhavetwoopenings–one of 250 g per wheel (exclusive of the mass of the wheel itself).
opening positioned between the two wheels and over the wear The manufacturer provides additional weights that can be used
path and the other placed diametrically opposite. The distance to increase the load to 500 or 1000 g per wheel, and a
between the axes of the two openings shall be 76.0 61.0 mm. counterweight attachment that can be used to reduce the load
6.1.5 Counter for indicating the revolutions of the specimen on the specimen to 125 g per wheel.
holder.
6.4 Auxiliary Apparatus—Resurfacing discs (S-11), of
6.2 Abrasive wheels, which are attached to the free end of carborundum-coated paper, are used to resurface the resilient
the pivoted arms and rotate freely about horizontal spindles. wheels.
6.2.1 Their internal faces shall be 52.4 61.0 mm apart and
6.5 Abrasion Wheel Resurfacing Device, for resurfacing
the hypothetical line through the two spindles shall be 19.05
vitrified based wheels or for correcting uneven wheel wear.
60.3 mm away from the central axis of the turntable (see Fig.
2). When resting on the specimen, the wheels will have a
7. Sampling
peripheral engagement with the surface of the specimen, the
7.1 Take a lot sample as directed in the applicable material
direction of travel of the periphery of the wheels and of the
specification, or as agreed upon by the purchaser and seller. In
specimen at the contacting portions being at acute angles, and
the absence of such a specification or other agreement, take a
the angles of travel of one wheel periphery being opposite to
laboratory sample as directed in 7.1.1. Consider rolls or pieces
that of the other. Motion of the abrasive wheels, in opposite
of fabric to be the primary sampling unit.
directions, is provided by rotation of the specimen and the
7.1.1 Take a laboratory sample that is the full width of the
associated friction therefrom.
fabric and at least 50 cm (approximately 20 in.) long, from
6.2.2 The abrasive wheels are either resilient or vitrified-
each roll or piece of fabric in the lot sample. The laboratory
based.Bothtypesofwheelsconsistofhardparticlesembedded
sample should be taken no closer than1m(1yd) from the end
in a binder material and are manufactured in different grades of
of each roll or piece of fabric.
abrasive quality. The wheels shall be 12.7 60.3 mm thick and
have an external diameter of 51.9 60.5 mm when new, and in 7.2 Sample shipments of garments as agreed upon by
no case less than 44.4 mm. purchaser and seller.
D3884 − 09 (2013)
FIG. 2 Position of Abrasive Wheels on Rotary Platform Double
Head Abrader
8. Number and Preparation of Test Specimens the specimen holder. The distance from the inside of the wheel
mounting flange to the center of the specimen holder should be
8.1 If the number of specimens to be tested is not specified
38.9 60.5 mm (1.53 in.).
by a material specification or an agreement between purchaser
and seller, test five specimens.
9.2 Wheel Bearings—The abrader wheel bearings, installed
8.1.1 If the number of specimens to be tested exceeds the
in the free end of the pivoting arms to support the abrader
number of laboratory samples, randomly select those labora-
wheels,shouldnotstickwhencausedtospinrapidlybyaquick
tory samples from which more than one test specimen will be
driving motion of the forefinger.
taken. If not, test one specimen per laboratory sample.
9.3 Platform Position—The vertical distance from the cen-
8.2 Take specimens fr
...
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