ASTM E1554/E1554M-13(2018)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Determining Air Leakage of Air Distribution Systems by Fan Pressurization
Standard Test Methods for Determining Air Leakage of Air Distribution Systems by Fan Pressurization
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Air leakage between an air distribution system and unconditioned spaces affects the energy losses from the distribution system, the ventilation rate of the building, and the entry rate of air pollutants.
5.2 The determination of infiltration energy loads and ventilation rates of residences and small commercial buildings are typically based on the assumption that the principal driving forces for infiltration and ventilation are the wind and indoor/outdoor temperature differences. This can be an inappropriate assumption for buildings that have distribution systems that pass through unconditioned spaces, because the existence of relatively modest leakage from that system has a relatively large impact on overall ventilation rates. The air leakage characteristics of these exterior distribution systems are needed to determine their ventilation, energy, and pollutant-entry implications.
5.3 Air leakage through the exterior air distribution envelope may be treated in the same manner as air leakage in the building envelope as long as the system is not operating (see Test Method E779). However, when the system blower is on, the pressures across the air distribution system leaks are usually significantly larger than those driving natural infiltration. Depending on the size of the leaks, these pressures can induce much larger flows than natural infiltration. Thus, it is important to be able to isolate these leaks from building envelope leaks. The leakage of air distribution systems must be measured in the field, because it has been shown that workmanship and installation details are more important than design in determining the leakage of these systems.
5.4 For codes, standards, and other compliance or quality control applications, the precision and repeatability at meeting a specified target (for example, air flow at reference pressure) is more important than air leakage flows at operating conditions. Some existing codes, standards, and voluntary programs require ...
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods included in this standard are applicable to the air distribution systems in low-rise residential and commercial buildings.
1.2 These test methods cover four techniques for measuring the air leakage of air distribution systems. The techniques use air flow and pressure measurements to determine the leakage characteristics.
1.3 The test methods for two of the techniques also specify the auxiliary measurements needed to characterize the magnitude of the distribution system air leakage during normal operation.
1.4 A test method for the total recirculating air flow induced by the system blower is included so that the air distribution system leakage can be normalized as is often required for energy calculations.
1.5 The proper use of these test methods requires knowledge of the principles of air flow and pressure measurements.
1.6 Three of these test methods are intended to produce a measure of the air leakage from the air distribution system to outside. The other test method measures total air leakage including air leaks to inside conditioned space.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Developme...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1554/E1554M − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Air Leakage of Air Distribution Systems by Fan
Pressurization
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE1554/E1554M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 Thetestmethodsincludedinthisstandardareapplicable
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
to the air distribution systems in low-rise residential and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
commercial buildings.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 These test methods cover four techniques for measuring
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the air leakage of air distribution systems. The techniques use
air flow and pressure measurements to determine the leakage
2. Referenced Documents
characteristics.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 The test methods for two of the techniques also specify
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
the auxiliary measurements needed to characterize the magni-
E779 Test Method for DeterminingAir Leakage Rate by Fan
tude of the distribution system air leakage during normal
Pressurization
operation.
E1258 Test Method for Airflow Calibration of Fan Pressur-
ization Devices
1.4 Atest method for the total recirculating air flow induced
2.2 ASME Standard:
by the system blower is included so that the air distribution
MFC-3M MeasurementofFluidFlowinPipesUsingOrifice
system leakage can be normalized as is often required for
Nozzle and Venturi
energy calculations.
1.5 The proper use of these test methods requires knowl-
3. Terminology
edge of the principles of air flow and pressure measurements.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of general terms related to
1.6 Three of these test methods are intended to produce a
building construction used in these test methods, refer to
measure of the air leakage from the air distribution system to
Terminology E631.
outside. The other test method measures total air leakage
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
including air leaks to inside conditioned space.
3.2.1 building envelope—the boundary or barrier separating
theinteriorvolumeofabuildingfromtheoutsideenvironment.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Even when a garage is conditioned, for this standard it is
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
considered to be outside the building envelope.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.2.2 blower—the air moving device for a forced air space
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
conditioning and/or ventilation system.
with the standard.
4. Summary of Test Methods
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Four alternative measurement and analysis methods are
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- specified and labeledAthrough D, Test MethodsAand B give
separate values for supply and return leakage to outside. Test
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Methods C and D do not separate supply and return leakage.
For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
on Air Leakage and Ventilation Performance. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approved Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1554/E1554M – 13. DOI: International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
10.1520/E1554_E1554M-13R18. www.asme.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
Test Methods A, B, and C determine leakage to outside, but operating conditions, but measures the total system leakage at
Test Method D measures total leakage, including leakage to a uniform reference pressure of 25 Pa [0.1 in. of water]. The
inside. Test Method A is based upon changes in flow through schematic in Fig. 3 applies to Method D.
distribution system leaks to outside due to blower operation
4.2 These test methods also include specifications for the
over a range of envelope pressure differences. The envelope
auxiliary measurements to interpret the air leakage measure-
pressure differences are generated by a separate air moving fan
ments.
and both pressurization and depressurization measurements are
performed. Test Methods B and C are based upon pressurizing
5. Significance and Use
thedistributionsystematthesametimeasthebuildinginorder
5.1 Air leakage between an air distribution system and
to isolate the leaks that are outside the building envelope. For
unconditioned spaces affects the energy losses from the distri-
Test Method B, measured system operating pressures are then
butionsystem,theventilationrateofthebuilding,andtheentry
used to estimate leakage under operating conditions. Test
rate of air pollutants.
Method C determines the leakage to outside at a uniform
5.2 The determination of infiltration energy loads and ven-
reference pressure of 25 Pa [0.1 in. of water] instead of
operating pressure, and does not separate supply and return tilation rates of residences and small commercial buildings are
leaks. Test Methods B and C are shown schematically in Fig. typically based on the assumption that the principal driving
1 and Fig. 2. Unlike MethodsA, B, and C, Method D does not forces for infiltration and ventilation are the wind and indoor/
attempt to measure the leakage to outside under normal outdoor temperature differences. This can be an inappropriate
FIG. 1 Schematic of Method B—Distribution System and Building Pressurization Test (for Supply Leakage)
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
FIG. 2 Schematic of Method C—Distribution System Pressurization Test
assumption for buildings that have distribution systems that measured in the field, because it has been shown that work-
pass through unconditioned spaces, because the existence of
manshipandinstallationdetailsaremoreimportantthandesign
relatively modest leakage from that system has a relatively in determining the leakage of these systems.
large impact on overall ventilation rates. The air leakage
5.4 For codes, standards, and other compliance or quality
characteristicsoftheseexteriordistributionsystemsareneeded
control applications, the precision and repeatability at meeting
to determine their ventilation, energy, and pollutant-entry
a specified target (for example, air flow at reference pressure)
implications.
is more important than air leakage flows at operating condi-
5.3 Air leakage through the exterior air distribution enve-
tions. Some existing codes, standards, and voluntary programs
lope may be treated in the same manner as air leakage in the
require the use of a simpler test method (Test Method D) that
building envelope as long as the system is not operating (see
does not separate supply from return leakage, leakage to inside
Test Method E779). However, when the system blower is on,
from leakage to outside, or estimate leakage pressures at
the pressures across the air distribution system leaks are
operating conditions.
usually significantly larger than those driving natural infiltra-
5.5 Test Methods A, B, and C can be used for energy use
tion. Depending on the size of the leaks, these pressures can
induce much larger flows than natural infiltration. Thus, it is calculations and compliance and quality control applications.
important to be able to isolate these leaks from building Test Method D is intended for use in compliance and quality
envelope leaks.The leakage of air distribution systems must be control only.
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
FIG. 3 Example of Air-Flow Difference and Envelope Pressure Plot for Test Method A.1
6. Apparatus 6.2.5 Pressure-Measuring Device (All methods)—A device
to measure pressure differences with an accuracy of 60.25 Pa
6.1 The following description of apparatus is general in
[60.001 in. of water] or 61 % of measured pressure, which-
nature. Any arrangement of equipment using the same prin-
ever is greater.
ciples and capable of performing the test procedure within the
6.2.6 Distribution System Pressure Measuring Probe (B, C,
allowable tolerances is permitted. The items are labeled for
and D)—A probe to measure the static pressure within a
each test method.
distribution system under flow conditions.
6.2 Major Components:
6.2.7 Air Temperature Measuring Device (All
6.2.1 Air-Moving Equipment (A, B, and C)—Afan, blower,
methods)—To give an accuracy of 60.5 °C [0.9 °F].
or blower door assembly that is capable of moving air into and
out of the building at the flow rates required to create the full
7. Hazards
range of test pressure differences. The air moving equipment
7.1 Glass should not break at the pressure differences
shall be able to accomplish both pressurization and depressur-
normally applied to the building, however, protective eye wear
ization of the building and distribution system.
shall be provided to personnel.
6.2.2 Air Flow-Regulating System (A, B, and C)—A device
such as a damper or variable speed motor control to regulate 7.2 When conducted in the field, safety equipment required
for general field work shall be supplied, such as safety shoes,
and maintain air flow through the air moving equipment (see
6.2.1). hard hats, and so forth.
6.2.3 Air Flow Measuring Device(A)—Adevicetomeasure
7.3 Because air-moving equipment is involved in this test, a
airflow with an accuracy of 65 % of the measured flow
proper guard or cage to house the fan or blower and to prevent
through air moving equipment in 6.2.1.The air flow measuring
accidentalaccesstoanymovingpartsoftheequipmentshallbe
system shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method
provided.
E1258 or ASME MFC-3M, whichever is applicable. The
7.4 Hearing protection shall be provided for personnel who
temperature dependence and range of the calibration shall be
work close to noises such as those generated by moving air.
explicitly reported.
6.2.4 Distribution System Flow Measurement Device (B, C, 7.5 When the blower or fan is operating, a large volume of
and D)—A device to measure airflow with an accuracy of air is being forced into or out of the building, the air-
65 % of the measured flow. The airflow measuring system distribution system, or both. Precautions shall be undertaken
shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E1258 or such that plants, pets, occupants, or internal furnishings shall
ASME MFC-3M, whichever is applicable. The temperature not be damaged due to the influx of cold or warm air. Similar
dependence and range of the calibration shall be explicitly precautions shall be exercised with respect to sucking debris or
reported. exhaust gases from fireplaces and flues into the interior of the
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
building extinguishing pilot lights, flame rollout for combus- 8.2.1 Environmental Measurements—At the beginning and
tion appliances and drawing sewer gas into the building. the end of each test, measure the outdoor temperature, indoor
temperature, and barometric pressure.
8. Procedure
8.2.2 Building Preparation:
8.2.2.1 Envelope—Open all interconnecting doors in the
8.1 General—The basic procedure involves pressurization
building. Fireplace and other operable dampers shall be closed.
and depressurization of air distribution systems and buildings
If the air handling unit is located in a closet, the closet door
with concurrent flow and pressure measurements to determine
shall be closed during testing. The condition of openings to
the air leakage of the distribution system.
outside for spaces that contain ducts (for example, garage
8.1.1 Test Method A (Flow Difference) for Air Leakage
doors or basement windows) shall be recorded.
Determination—This technique is based upon changing the
8.2.2.2 Distribution System—HVAC-balancingdampersand
flow through distribution system leaks by operating the blower
registers, in general, shall not be adjusted. However, for
fan and simultaneously pressurizing (or depressurizing) the
multiple zoned systems, the position of zonal dampers should
building envelope and distribution system. There are two
be fixed for the duration of the test. Several tests may be
alternatives for gathering the required test data utilizing the
performed with zone dampers fixed at different settings, but at
same analysis procedure.Test MethodA.1 records data at fixed
least one of the tests shall have all zone control dampers in the
envelope pressure stations. Test Method A.2 records data
fully open position.
continuously as the envelope air flows and pressure are
8.2.3 Air Flow Difference Measurements:
gradually changed by the envelope air moving equipment. The
blower speed and heating or cooling function shall be the same 8.2.3.1 Connect the air moving/flow-regulating/flow mea-
for all steps of the test procedure. surement assembly to the building envelope using a window or
8.1.2 Test Method B: Fan Pressurization of Distribution door opening. Seal or tape openings to avoid leakage at these
System and Building for Air Leakage Determination—This points.
technique is based upon sealing the registers of the distribution
8.2.3.2 Install the envelope pressure difference sensor. The
system and pressurizing the system to measure the flow
outside pressure measurement location shall be sheltered from
through the leaks at the imposed pressure difference. With the wind and sunshine. The inside pressure measurement location
building pressurized to the same pressure, this test isolates the
sh
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1554/E1554M − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Air Leakage of Air Distribution Systems by Fan
Pressurization
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1554/E1554M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 The test methods included in this standard are applicable
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
to the air distribution systems in low-rise residential and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
commercial buildings.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 These test methods cover four techniques for measuring
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the air leakage of air distribution systems. The techniques use
air flow and pressure measurements to determine the leakage
2. Referenced Documents
characteristics. 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 The test methods for two of the techniques also specify
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
the auxiliary measurements needed to characterize the magni-
E779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan
tude of the distribution system air leakage during normal
Pressurization
operation. E1258 Test Method for Airflow Calibration of Fan Pressur-
ization Devices
1.4 A test method for the total recirculating air flow induced
2.2 ASME Standard:
by the system blower is included so that the air distribution
MFC-3M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Orifice
system leakage can be normalized as is often required for
Nozzle and Venturi
energy calculations.
1.5 The proper use of these test methods requires knowl-
3. Terminology
edge of the principles of air flow and pressure measurements.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of general terms related to
1.6 Three of these test methods are intended to produce a
building construction used in these test methods, refer to
measure of the air leakage from the air distribution system to
Terminology E631.
outside. The other test method measures total air leakage
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
including air leaks to inside conditioned space.
3.2.1 building envelope—the boundary or barrier separating
the interior volume of a building from the outside environment.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Even when a garage is conditioned, for this standard it is
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
considered to be outside the building envelope.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.2.2 blower—the air moving device for a forced air space
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
conditioning and/or ventilation system.
with the standard.
4. Summary of Test Methods
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.1 Four alternative measurement and analysis methods are
specified and labeled A through D, Test Methods A and B give
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- separate values for supply and return leakage to outside. Test
Methods C and D do not separate supply and return leakage.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
on Air Leakage and Ventilation Performance. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approved Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E1554/E1554M – 13. DOI: International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
10.1520/E1554_E1554M-13R18. www.asme.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
Test Methods A, B, and C determine leakage to outside, but operating conditions, but measures the total system leakage at
Test Method D measures total leakage, including leakage to a uniform reference pressure of 25 Pa [0.1 in. of water]. The
inside. Test Method A is based upon changes in flow through schematic in Fig. 3 applies to Method D.
distribution system leaks to outside due to blower operation
4.2 These test methods also include specifications for the
over a range of envelope pressure differences. The envelope
auxiliary measurements to interpret the air leakage measure-
pressure differences are generated by a separate air moving fan
ments.
and both pressurization and depressurization measurements are
performed. Test Methods B and C are based upon pressurizing
5. Significance and Use
the distribution system at the same time as the building in order
5.1 Air leakage between an air distribution system and
to isolate the leaks that are outside the building envelope. For
unconditioned spaces affects the energy losses from the distri-
Test Method B, measured system operating pressures are then
bution system, the ventilation rate of the building, and the entry
used to estimate leakage under operating conditions. Test
rate of air pollutants.
Method C determines the leakage to outside at a uniform
reference pressure of 25 Pa [0.1 in. of water] instead of 5.2 The determination of infiltration energy loads and ven-
operating pressure, and does not separate supply and return tilation rates of residences and small commercial buildings are
leaks. Test Methods B and C are shown schematically in Fig. typically based on the assumption that the principal driving
1 and Fig. 2. Unlike Methods A, B, and C, Method D does not forces for infiltration and ventilation are the wind and indoor/
attempt to measure the leakage to outside under normal outdoor temperature differences. This can be an inappropriate
FIG. 1 Schematic of Method B—Distribution System and Building Pressurization Test (for Supply Leakage)
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
FIG. 2 Schematic of Method C—Distribution System Pressurization Test
assumption for buildings that have distribution systems that measured in the field, because it has been shown that work-
pass through unconditioned spaces, because the existence of manship and installation details are more important than design
relatively modest leakage from that system has a relatively
in determining the leakage of these systems.
large impact on overall ventilation rates. The air leakage
5.4 For codes, standards, and other compliance or quality
characteristics of these exterior distribution systems are needed
control applications, the precision and repeatability at meeting
to determine their ventilation, energy, and pollutant-entry
a specified target (for example, air flow at reference pressure)
implications.
is more important than air leakage flows at operating condi-
5.3 Air leakage through the exterior air distribution enve-
tions. Some existing codes, standards, and voluntary programs
lope may be treated in the same manner as air leakage in the
require the use of a simpler test method (Test Method D) that
building envelope as long as the system is not operating (see
does not separate supply from return leakage, leakage to inside
Test Method E779). However, when the system blower is on,
from leakage to outside, or estimate leakage pressures at
the pressures across the air distribution system leaks are
operating conditions.
usually significantly larger than those driving natural infiltra-
tion. Depending on the size of the leaks, these pressures can 5.5 Test Methods A, B, and C can be used for energy use
induce much larger flows than natural infiltration. Thus, it is calculations and compliance and quality control applications.
important to be able to isolate these leaks from building Test Method D is intended for use in compliance and quality
envelope leaks. The leakage of air distribution systems must be control only.
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
FIG. 3 Example of Air-Flow Difference and Envelope Pressure Plot for Test Method A.1
6. Apparatus 6.2.5 Pressure-Measuring Device (All methods)—A device
to measure pressure differences with an accuracy of 60.25 Pa
6.1 The following description of apparatus is general in
[60.001 in. of water] or 61 % of measured pressure, which-
nature. Any arrangement of equipment using the same prin-
ever is greater.
ciples and capable of performing the test procedure within the
6.2.6 Distribution System Pressure Measuring Probe (B, C,
allowable tolerances is permitted. The items are labeled for
and D)—A probe to measure the static pressure within a
each test method.
distribution system under flow conditions.
6.2 Major Components:
6.2.7 Air Temperature Measuring Device (All
6.2.1 Air-Moving Equipment (A, B, and C)—A fan, blower,
methods)—To give an accuracy of 60.5 °C [0.9 °F].
or blower door assembly that is capable of moving air into and
out of the building at the flow rates required to create the full
7. Hazards
range of test pressure differences. The air moving equipment
7.1 Glass should not break at the pressure differences
shall be able to accomplish both pressurization and depressur-
normally applied to the building, however, protective eye wear
ization of the building and distribution system.
shall be provided to personnel.
6.2.2 Air Flow-Regulating System (A, B, and C)—A device
such as a damper or variable speed motor control to regulate 7.2 When conducted in the field, safety equipment required
and maintain air flow through the air moving equipment (see for general field work shall be supplied, such as safety shoes,
hard hats, and so forth.
6.2.1).
6.2.3 Air Flow Measuring Device (A)—A device to measure
7.3 Because air-moving equipment is involved in this test, a
airflow with an accuracy of 65 % of the measured flow
proper guard or cage to house the fan or blower and to prevent
through air moving equipment in 6.2.1. The air flow measuring
accidental access to any moving parts of the equipment shall be
system shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method
provided.
E1258 or ASME MFC-3M, whichever is applicable. The
7.4 Hearing protection shall be provided for personnel who
temperature dependence and range of the calibration shall be
work close to noises such as those generated by moving air.
explicitly reported.
6.2.4 Distribution System Flow Measurement Device (B, C, 7.5 When the blower or fan is operating, a large volume of
and D)—A device to measure airflow with an accuracy of air is being forced into or out of the building, the air-
65 % of the measured flow. The airflow measuring system distribution system, or both. Precautions shall be undertaken
shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E1258 or such that plants, pets, occupants, or internal furnishings shall
ASME MFC-3M, whichever is applicable. The temperature not be damaged due to the influx of cold or warm air. Similar
dependence and range of the calibration shall be explicitly precautions shall be exercised with respect to sucking debris or
reported. exhaust gases from fireplaces and flues into the interior of the
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
building extinguishing pilot lights, flame rollout for combus- 8.2.1 Environmental Measurements—At the beginning and
tion appliances and drawing sewer gas into the building. the end of each test, measure the outdoor temperature, indoor
temperature, and barometric pressure.
8. Procedure 8.2.2 Building Preparation:
8.2.2.1 Envelope—Open all interconnecting doors in the
8.1 General—The basic procedure involves pressurization
building. Fireplace and other operable dampers shall be closed.
and depressurization of air distribution systems and buildings
If the air handling unit is located in a closet, the closet door
with concurrent flow and pressure measurements to determine
shall be closed during testing. The condition of openings to
the air leakage of the distribution system.
outside for spaces that contain ducts (for example, garage
8.1.1 Test Method A (Flow Difference) for Air Leakage
doors or basement windows) shall be recorded.
Determination—This technique is based upon changing the
8.2.2.2 Distribution System—HVAC-balancing dampers and
flow through distribution system leaks by operating the blower
registers, in general, shall not be adjusted. However, for
fan and simultaneously pressurizing (or depressurizing) the
multiple zoned systems, the position of zonal dampers should
building envelope and distribution system. There are two
be fixed for the duration of the test. Several tests may be
alternatives for gathering the required test data utilizing the
performed with zone dampers fixed at different settings, but at
same analysis procedure. Test Method A.1 records data at fixed
least one of the tests shall have all zone control dampers in the
envelope pressure stations. Test Method A.2 records data
fully open position.
continuously as the envelope air flows and pressure are
8.2.3 Air Flow Difference Measurements:
gradually changed by the envelope air moving equipment. The
blower speed and heating or cooling function shall be the same 8.2.3.1 Connect the air moving/flow-regulating/flow mea-
for all steps of the test procedure. surement assembly to the building envelope using a window or
8.1.2 Test Method B: Fan Pressurization of Distribution door opening. Seal or tape openings to avoid leakage at these
System and Building for Air Leakage Determination—This points.
technique is based upon sealing the registers of the distribution
8.2.3.2 Install the envelope pressure difference sensor. The
system and pressurizing the system to measure the flow outside pressure measurement location shall be sheltered from
through the leaks at the imposed pressure difference. With the
wind and sunshine. The inside pressure measurement location
building pressurized to the same pressure, this test isolates the shall
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1554/E1554M − 13 E1554/E1554M − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Air Leakage of Air Distribution Systems by Fan
Pressurization
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1554/E1554M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The test methods included in this standard are applicable to the air distribution systems in low-rise residential and
commercial buildings.
1.2 These test methods cover four techniques for measuring the air leakage of air distribution systems. The techniques use air
flow and pressure measurements to determine the leakage characteristics.
1.3 The test methods for two of the techniques also specify the auxiliary measurements needed to characterize the magnitude
of the distribution system air leakage during normal operation.
1.4 A test method for the total recirculating air flow induced by the system blower is included so that the air distribution system
leakage can be normalized as is often required for energy calculations.
1.5 The proper use of these test methods requires knowledge of the principles of air flow and pressure measurements.
1.6 Three of these test methods are intended to produce a measure of the air leakage from the air distribution system to outside.
The other test method measures total air leakage including air leaks to inside conditioned space.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization
E1258 Test Method for Airflow Calibration of Fan Pressurization Devices
2.2 ASME Standard:
MFC-3M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Orifice Nozzle and Venturi
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of general terms related to building construction used in these test methods, refer to
Terminology E631.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41 on Air
Leakage and Ventilation Performance.
Current edition approved April 15, 2013July 1, 2018. Published April 2013July 2018. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 as
E1554 – 07.E1554/E1554M – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E1554_E1554M-13.10.1520/E1554_E1554M-13R18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, ThreeTwo Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990,
http://www.asme.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 building envelope—the boundary or barrier separating the interior volume of a building from the outside environment.
Even when a garage is conditioned, for this standard it is considered to be outside the building envelope.
3.2.2 blower—the air moving device for a forced air space conditioning and/or ventilation system.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 Four alternative measurement and analysis methods are specified and labeled A through D, Test Methods A and B give
separate values for supply and return leakage to outside. Test Methods C and D do not separate supply and return leakage. Test
Methods A, B, and C determine leakage to outside, but Test Method D measures total leakage, including leakage to inside. Test
Method A is based upon changes in flow through distribution system leaks to outside due to blower operation over a range of
envelope pressure differences. The envelope pressure differences are generated by a separate air moving fan and both
pressurization and depressurization measurements are performed. Test Methods B and C are based upon pressurizing the
distribution system at the same time as the building in order to isolate the leaks that are outside the building envelope. For Test
Method B, measured system operating pressures are then used to estimate leakage under operating conditions. Test Method C
determines the leakage to outside at a uniform reference pressure of 25 Pa [0.1 in. of water] instead of operating pressure, and does
not separate supply and return leaks. Test Methods B and C are shown schematically in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Unlike Methods A, B,
FIG. 1 Schematic of Method B—Distribution System and Building Pressurization Test (for Supply Leakage)
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
FIG. 2 Schematic of Method C—Distribution System Pressurization Test
and C, Method D does not attempt to measure the leakage to outside under normal operating conditions, but measures the total
system leakage at a uniform reference pressure of 25 Pa [0.1 in. of water]. The schematic in Fig. 3 applies to Method D.
4.2 These test methods also include specifications for the auxiliary measurements to interpret the air leakage measurements.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Air leakage between an air distribution system and unconditioned spaces affects the energy losses from the distribution
system, the ventilation rate of the building, and the entry rate of air pollutants.
5.2 The determination of infiltration energy loads and ventilation rates of residences and small commercial buildings are
typically based on the assumption that the principal driving forces for infiltration and ventilation are the wind and indoor/outdoor
temperature differences. This can be an inappropriate assumption for buildings that have distribution systems that pass through
unconditioned spaces, because the existence of relatively modest leakage from that system has a relatively large impact on overall
ventilation rates. The air leakage characteristics of these exterior distribution systems are needed to determine their ventilation,
energy, and pollutant-entry implications.
5.3 Air leakage through the exterior air distribution envelope may be treated in the same manner as air leakage in the building
envelope as long as the system is not operating (see Test Method E779). However, when the system blower is on, the pressures
across the air distribution system leaks are usually significantly larger than those driving natural infiltration. Depending on the size
of the leaks, these pressures can induce much larger flows than natural infiltration. Thus, it is important to be able to isolate these
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
FIG. 3 Example of Air-Flow Difference and Envelope Pressure Plot for Test Method A.1
leaks from building envelope leaks. The leakage of air distribution systems must be measured in the field, because it has been
shown that workmanship and installation details are more important than design in determining the leakage of these systems.
5.4 For codes, standards, and other compliance or quality control applications, the precision and repeatability at meeting a
specified target (for example, air flow at reference pressure) is more important than air leakage flows at operating conditions. Some
existing codes, standards, and voluntary programs require the use of a simpler test method (Test Method D) that does not separate
supply from return leakage, leakage to inside from leakage to outside, or estimate leakage pressures at operating conditions.
5.5 Test Methods A, B, and C can be used for energy use calculations and compliance and quality control applications. Test
Method D is intended for use in compliance and quality control only.
6. Apparatus
6.1 The following description of apparatus is general in nature. Any arrangement of equipment using the same principles and
capable of performing the test procedure within the allowable tolerances is permitted. The items are labeled for each test method.
6.2 Major Components:
6.2.1 Air-Moving Equipment (A, B, and C)—A fan, blower, or blower door assembly that is capable of moving air into and out
of the building at the flow rates required to create the full range of test pressure differences. The air moving equipment shall be
able to accomplish both pressurization and depressurization of the building and distribution system.
6.2.2 Air Flow-Regulating System (A, B, and C)—A device such as a damper or variable speed motor control to regulate and
maintain air flow through the air moving equipment (see 6.2.1).
6.2.3 Air Flow Measuring Device (A)—A device to measure airflow with an accuracy of 65 % of the measured flow through
air moving equipment in 6.2.1. The air flow measuring system shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E1258 or ASME
MFC-3M, whichever is applicable. The temperature dependence and range of the calibration shall be explicitly reported.
6.2.4 Distribution System Flow Measurement Device (B, C, and D)—A device to measure airflow with an accuracy of 65 %
of the measured flow. The airflow measuring system shall be calibrated in accordance with Test Method E1258 or ASME MFC-3M,
whichever is applicable. The temperature dependence and range of the calibration shall be explicitly reported.
6.2.5 Pressure-Measuring Device (All methods)—A device to measure pressure differences with an accuracy of 60.25 Pa
[60.001 in. of water] or 61 % of measured pressure, whichever is greater.
6.2.6 Distribution System Pressure Measuring Probe (B, C, and D)—A probe to measure the static pressure within a distribution
system under flow conditions.
6.2.7 Air Temperature Measuring Device (All methods)—To give an accuracy of 60.5°C [0.9°F].60.5 °C [0.9 °F].
E1554/E1554M − 13 (2018)
7. Hazards
7.1 Glass should not break at the pressure differences normally applied to the building, however, protective eye wear shall be
provided to personnel.
7.2 When conducted in the field, safety equipment required for general field work shall be supplied, such as safety shoes, hard
hats, and so forth.
7.3 Because air-moving equipment is involved in this test, a proper guard or cage to house the fan or blower and to prevent
accidental access to any moving parts of the equipment shall be provided.
7.4 Hearing protection shall be provided for personnel who work close to noises such as those generated by moving air.
7.5 When the blower or fan is operating, a large volume of air is being forced into or out of the building, the air-distribution
system, or both. Precautions shall be undertaken such that plants, pets, occupants, or internal furnishings shall not be damaged due
to the influx of cold or warm air. Similar precautions shall be exercised with respect to sucking debris or exhaust gases from
fireplaces and flues into the interior of the building extinguishing pilot lights, flame rollout for combustion appliances and drawing
sewer gas into the building.
8. Procedure
8.1 General—The basic procedure involves pressurization and depressurization of air distribution systems and buildings with
concurrent flow and pressure measurements to determine the air leakage of the distribution system.
8.1.1 Test Method A (Flow Difference) for Air Leakage Determination—This technique is based upon changing the flow through
distribution system leaks by operating the blower fan and simultaneously pressurizing (or depressurizing) the building envelope
and distribution system. There are two alternatives for gathering the required test data utilizing the same analysis procedure. Test
Method A.1 records data at fixed envelope pressure stations. Test Method A.2 records data continuously as the envelope air flows
and pressure are gradually changed by the envelope air moving equipment. The blower speed and heating or cooling function shall
be the same for all steps of the test procedure.
8.1.2 Test Method B: Fan Pressurization of Distribution System and Building for Air Leakage Determination—This technique
is based upon sealing the registers of the distribution system and pressurizing the system to measure the flow through the leaks
at the imposed pressure difference. With the building pressurized to the same pressure, this test isolates the leaks that are to outside
only. Measurements of system operating pressures allow the leakage flow at the fixed test pressure to be converted to the leakage
flow at operating pressures. Often air distribution systems are located outside the conditioned space of a building, but are not
completely outside. Example locations include attics, crawlspaces, and garages. These locations are defined as buffer zones.
8.1.3 Test Method C: Fan Pressurization of Distribution System and Building for Air Leakage Determination at a Determination
at a Reference Pressure—This technique is based upon sealing the registers of the distribution system and pressurizing the system
to measure the flow through the leaks at a reference pressure difference of 25 Pa [0.1 in. of water]. With the building pressurized
to the same pressure, this test isolates the leaks that are to outside only, but does not separate supply and return leaks or convert
results to operating pressures.
8.1.4 Test Method D: Fan Pressurization of Distribution Sys
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