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ASTM E2282-23

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method

Standard Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines for identifying the elements that comprise the test result of a test method and to illustrate how these elements combine into the test result. It covers the types of measurement scales used for expressing observations and test results. This guide provides information on the construction of test results from more elemental measurements.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 All test methods have an output in the form of a test result. This guide provides information on the construction of test results from more elemental measurements.  
4.2 A well-defined test result is necessary before any precision statements can be made about the test method.  
4.2.1 Form and Style for ASTM Standards,2 Section A21, requires that every test method shall contain a statement regarding its precision, preferably as a result of an interlaboratory test program. Reporting of such studies is described in Practice E177, which illustrates the development of test results from observations and test determinations.  
4.2.2 Precision statements for ASTM test methods are applicable to test results. They are not applicable to test determinations or observations, unless specifically and clearly indicated otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for identifying the elements that comprise the test result of a test method and to illustrate how these elements combine into the test result.  
1.2 Types of measurement scales used for expressing observations and test results are discussed.  
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2023
ICS
19.020 - Test conditions and procedures in general
Technical Committee
E11 - Quality and Statistics
Drafting Committee
E11.20 - Test Method Evaluation and Quality Control
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2282-14(2023) - Standard Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E177-20 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM D4821-20 - Standard Guide for Carbon Black—Validation of Test Method Precision and Bias
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E3264-21 - Standard Guide for Homogeneity of Samples and Reference Materials Used for Inter- and Intra-Laboratory Studies
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E1169-21 - Standard Practice for Conducting Ruggedness Tests
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E456-13a(2022) - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM C1720-21 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Liquidus Temperature of Waste Glasses and Simulated Waste Glasses
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E2709-23 - Standard Practice for Demonstrating Capability to Comply with an Acceptance Procedure
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E1488-23 - Standard Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Developing and Applying Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM F3263-17 - Standard Guide for Packaging Test Method Validation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM E2554-18e1 - Standard Practice for Estimating and Monitoring the Uncertainty of Test Results of a Test Method Using Control Chart Techniques
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM C168-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
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ASTM E2586-19e1 - Standard Practice for Calculating and Using Basic Statistics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
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ASTM E2935-21 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Equivalence of Two Testing Processes
Effective Date
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ASTM E691-23 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2282 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.3 characteristic, n—a property of items in a sample or
population which, when measured, counted or otherwise
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for identifying the
observed, helps to distinguish between the items.
elements that comprise the test result of a test method and to
illustrate how these elements combine into the test result. 3.1.4 interval scale, n—continuous scale or discrete scale
with equal sized scale values and an arbitrary zero.
1.2 Types of measurement scales used for expressing obser-
ISO 3534–2
vations and test results are discussed.
3.1.5 nominal scale, n—scale with unordered labeled cat-
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
egories or ordered by convention. ISO 3534–2
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.6 observation, n—the process of obtaining information
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
regarding the presence or absence of an attribute of a test
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
specimen, or of making a reading on a characteristic or
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
dimension of a test specimen.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Observation is also associated with the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
attribute or measurement information obtained from the pro-
cess. The term “observed value” is preferred for this second
2. Referenced Documents
usage.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.7 observed value, n—the value obtained by making an
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
observation.
ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3.1.8 ordinal scale, n—scale with ordered labeled
3
2.2 ISO Standard: categories. ISO 3534–2
ISO 3534–2 Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols, Part 2:
3.1.9 ordinal test result, n—a test result where the final
Applied Statistics
value is reported as one of the scale results on an ordinal scale.
3.1.10 ratio scale, n—continuous scale with equal sized
3. Terminology
scale values and an absolute or natural zero point. ISO 3534–2
3.1 Definitions—Unless otherwise noted in this standard, all
3.1.10.1 Discussion—Ratio scales consist of only non-
terms relating to quality and statistics are defined in Terminol-
negative values.
ogy E456.
3.1.11 scale, n—system of reference values for a
3.1.1 binary scale, n—nominal scale with only two possible
characteristic. ISO 3534–2
categories.
3.1.12 test determination, n—the value of a characteristic or
3.1.2 binary test result, n—a test result for which the final
dimension of a single test specimen derived from one or more
value is one of two possible categories.
observed values.
1 3.1.13 test method, n—a definitive procedure that produces
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test Method
a test result.
Evaluation and Quality Control.
3.1.13.1 Discussion—Examples of test methods include, but
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
are not limited to: identification, measurement, and evaluation
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as E2282 – 14 (2023).
of one or more qualities, characteristics, or properties.
DOI: 10.1520/E2282-23.
2
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ASTM Regulations 2.2.6
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.14 test observation, n—see observation.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3.1.15 test result, n—the value of a characteristic obtained
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
by carrying out a specified test method.
la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
www.iso.ch. 3.1.15.1 Discussion—The test method specifies that one or a
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2282 − 23
number of individual observations be made,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2282 − 14 (Reapproved 2023) E2282 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2282; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide This standard provides guidelines for identifying the elements that comprise the test
result of a test method and to illustrate how these elements combine into the test result.
1.2 Types of measurement scales used for expressing observations and test results are discussed.
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 3534–2 Statistics—Vocabulary and Symbols, Part 2: Applied Statistics
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For a more extensive list of terms in E11 standards, refer to —Unless otherwise noted in this standard, all terms
relating to quality and statistics are defined in Terminology E456.
3.1.1 binary scale, n—nominal scale with only two possible categories.
3.1.2 binary test result, n—a test result for which the final value is one of two possible categories.
3.1.3 characteristic, n—a property of items in a sample or population which, when measured, counted or otherwise observed,
helps to distinguish between the items.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.20 on Test Method Evaluation
and Quality Control.
Current edition approved April 1, 2023Nov. 1, 2023. Published April 2023November 2023. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20192023 as
E2282 – 14 (2019). DOI: 10.1520/E2282-14R23.(2023). DOI: 10.1520/E2282-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.ch.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2282 − 23
3.1.4 interval scale, n—continuous scale or discrete scale with equal sized scale values and an arbitrary zero.
ISO 3534–2
3.1.5 nominal scale, n—scale with unordered labeled categories or ordered by convention. ISO 3534–2
3.1.6 observation, n—the process of obtaining information regarding the presence or absence of an attribute of a test specimen,
or of making a reading on a characteristic or dimension of a test specimen.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
Observation is also associated with the attribute or measurement information obtained from the process. The term “observed value”
is preferred for this second usage.
3.1.7 observed value, n—the value obtained by making an observation.
3.1.8 ordinal scale, n—scale with ordered labeled categories. ISO 3534–2
3.1.9 ordinal test result, n—a test result where the final value is reported as one of the scale results on an ordinal scale.
3.1.10 ratio scale, n—continuous scale with equal sized scale values and an absolute or natural zero point. ISO 3534–2
3.1.10.1 Discussion—
Ratio scales consist of only non-negative values.
3.1.11 scale, n—system of reference values for a characteristic. ISO 3534–2
3.1.12 test determination, n—the value of a characteristic or dimension of a single test specimen derived from one or more
observed values.
3.1.13 test method, n—a definitive procedure that produces a test result.
3.1.13.1 Discussion—
Examples of test methods include, but are not limited to: identification, measurement, and evaluation of one or more qualities,
cha
...

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FIG. 1 Sequence of Steps  
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The purpose of this guide is to provide guidelines for identifying the elements that comprise the test result of a test method and to illustrate how these elements combine into the test result. It covers the types of measurement scales used for expressing observations and test results. This guide provides information on the construction of test results from more elemental measurements.
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ABSTRACT
This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, analyzing, and treating the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) of a test method. The statistical techniques described in this practice provide adequate information for formulating the precision statement of a test method. This practice is also concerned exclusively with test methods which yield a single numerical figure as the test result, although the single figure may be the outcome of a calculation from a set of measurements. ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility and knowledge of the test method precision is useful in commerce and in technical work when comparing test results against standard values or between data sources.
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SCOPE
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1.2 This practice does not concern itself with the development of test methods but rather with gathering the information needed for a test method precision statement after the development stage has been successfully completed. The data obtained in the interlaboratory study may indicate, however, that further effort is needed to improve the test method.  
1.3 Since the primary purpose of this practice is the development of the information needed for a precision statement, the experimental design in this practice may not be optimum for evaluating materials, apparatus, or individual laboratories.  
1.4 Field of Application—This practice is concerned exclusively with test methods which yield a single numerical figure as the test result, although the single figure may be the outcome of a calculation from a set of measurements.  
1.4.1 This practice ...

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ASTM
ASTM E29-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications

ABSTRACT
This practice is intended to assist the various technical committees in the use of uniform methods of indicating the number of digits which are to be considered significant in specification limits, for example, specified maximum values and specified minimum values. This practice is also intended to be used in determining conformance with specifications when the applicable ASTM specifications or standards make a direct reference.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist the various technical committees in the use of uniform methods of indicating the number of digits which are to be considered significant in specification limits, for example, specified maximum values and specified minimum values. Its aim is to outline methods which should aid in clarifying the intended meaning of specification limits with which observed values or calculated test results are compared in determining conformance with specifications.  
1.2 This practice is intended to be used in determining conformance with specifications when the applicable ASTM specifications or standards make direct reference to this practice.  
1.3 Reference to this practice is valid only when a choice of method has been indicated, that is, either absolute method or rounding method.  
1.4 The system of units for this practice is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the practice are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E691-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method

ABSTRACT
This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, analyzing, and treating the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) of a test method. The statistical techniques described in this practice provide adequate information for formulating the precision statement of a test method. This practice is also concerned exclusively with test methods which yield a single numerical figure as the test result, although the single figure may be the outcome of a calculation from a set of measurements. ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility and knowledge of the test method precision is useful in commerce and in technical work when comparing test results against standard values or between data sources.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. This practice may be used in obtaining the needed information as simply as possible. This information may then be used to prepare a precision statement in accordance with Practice E177. Knowledge of the test method precision is useful in commerce and in technical work when comparing test results against standard values (such as specification limits) or between data sources (different laboratories, instruments, etc.).  
4.1.1 When a test method is applied to a large number of portions of a material that are as nearly alike as possible, the test results obtained will not all have the same value. A measure of the degree of agreement among these test results describes the precision of the test method for that material. Numerical measures of the variability between such test results provide inverse measures of the precision of the test method. Greater variability implies smaller (that is, poorer) precision and larger imprecision.  
4.1.2 Precision is reported as a standard deviation, coefficient of variation (relative standard deviation), variance, or a precision limit (a data range indicating no statistically significant difference between test results).  
4.1.3 This practice is designed only to estimate the precision of a test method. However, when accepted reference values are available for the property levels, the test result data obtained according to this practice may be used in estimating the bias of the test method. For a discussion of bias estimation and the relationships between precision, bias, and accuracy, see Practice E177.  
4.2 The procedures presented in this practice consist of three basic steps: planning the interlaboratory study, guiding the testing phase of the study, and analyzing the test result data.  
4.2.1 The planning phase includes forming the ILS task group, the study design, selection, and number of participating laborato...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the techniques for planning, conducting, analyzing, and treating the results of an interlaboratory study (ILS) of a test method. The statistical techniques described in this practice provide adequate information for formulating the precision statement of a test method.  
1.2 This practice does not concern itself with the development of test methods but rather with gathering the information needed for a test method precision statement after the development stage has been successfully completed. The data obtained in the interlaboratory study may indicate, however, that further effort is needed to improve the test method.  
1.3 Since the primary purpose of this practice is the development of the information needed for a precision statement, the experimental design in this practice may not be optimum for evaluating materials, apparatus, or individual laboratories.  
1.4 Field of Application—This practice is concerned exclusively with test methods which yield a single numerical figure as the test result, although the single figure may be the outcome of a calculation from a set of measurements.  
1.4.1 This practice ...

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ASTM E1169-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conducting Ruggedness Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A ruggedness test is a special application of a statistically designed experiment that makes changes in the test method variables, called factors, and then calculates the subsequent effect of those changes upon the test results. Factors are features of the test method or of the laboratory environment that are known to vary across laboratories and are subject to control by the test method.  
4.1.1 Statistical design enables more efficient and cost-effective determination of the factor effects than would be achieved if separate experiments were carried out for each factor. The proposed designs are easy to use in developing the information needed for evaluating quantitative test methods.  
4.2 In ruggedness testing, the two levels (settings) for each factor are chosen to use moderate separations between the high and low settings. In general, if there is an underlying difference between the levels, then the size of effects will increase with increased separation between the high and low settings of the factors. A run is an execution of the test method under prescribed settings of each of the factors under study. A ruggedness test consists of a set of runs.  
4.3 A ruggedness test is usually conducted within a single laboratory on uniform material, so that the effects of changing only the factors are measured. The results may then be used to assist in determining the degree of control required of factors described in the test method.  
4.4 Ruggedness testing should precede an interlaboratory (round robin) study to correct any deficiencies in the test method and may also be part of the validation phase of developing a standard test method as described in Guide E1488.  
4.5 This standard discusses design and analysis of ruggedness testing in Section 5 and contains an example of a basic eight run design. Some caution must be used in interpretation of results, since interaction effects may be present. These effects are present when a factor effect changes with the ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers conducting ruggedness tests. The purpose of a ruggedness test is to identify those factors that strongly influence the measurements provided by a specific test method and to estimate how closely those factors need to be controlled.  
1.2 This practice restricts itself to experimental designs with two levels per factor. The designs require the simultaneous change of the levels of all of the factors, thus permitting the determination of the effects of each of the factors on the measured results.  
1.3 The system of units for this practice is not specified. Dimensional quantities in the practice are presented only as illustrations of calculation methods. The examples are not binding on products or test methods treated.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1325-21(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Design of Experiments

ABSTRACT
This standard includes those statistical items related to the area of design of experiments for which standard definitions appear desirable. It provides definitions, descriptions, discussion, and comparison of terms.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This standard is a subsidiary to Terminology E456.  
3.2 It provides definitions, descriptions, discussion, and comparison of terms.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard includes those statistical items related to the area of design of experiments for which standard definitions appear desirable.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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