ASTM C1720-21

Standard Test Methods for Determining Liquidus Temperature of Waste Glasses and Simulated Waste Glasses

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This procedure can be used for (but is not limited to) the following applications:
(1) support glass formulation development to make sure that processing criteria are met,
(2) support production (for example, processing or troubleshooting), and
(3) support model validation.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the liquidus temperature (TL) of nuclear waste, mixed nuclear waste, simulated nuclear waste, or hazardous waste glass in the temperature range from 600 °C to 1600 °C. This test method differs from Practice C829 in that it employs additional methods to determine TL. TL is useful in waste glass plant operation, glass formulation, and melter design to determine the minimum temperature that must be maintained in a waste glass melt to make sure that crystallization does not occur or is below a particular constraint, for example, 1 volume % crystallinity or T1%. As of now, many institutions studying waste and simulated waste vitrification are not in agreement regarding this constraint (1).2  
1.2 Three methods are included, differing in (1) the type of equipment available to the analyst (that is, type of furnace and characterization equipment), (2) the quantity of glass available to the analyst, (3) the precision and accuracy desired for the measurement, and (4) candidate glass properties. The glass properties, for example, glass volatility and estimated TL, will dictate the required method for making the most precise measurement. The three different approaches to measuring TL described here include the following: Gradient Temperature Furnace Method (GT), Uniform Temperature Furnace Method (UT), and Crystal Fraction Extrapolation Method (CF). This procedure is intended to provide specific work processes, but may be supplemented by test instructions as deemed appropriate by the project manager or principle investigator. The methods defined here are not applicable to glasses that form multiple immiscible liquid phases. Immiscibility may be detected in the initial examination of glass during sample preparation (see 9.3). However, immiscibility may not become apparent until after testing is underway.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2021
• ICS: 81.040.10 - Raw materials and raw glass
• Technical Committee: C26 - Nuclear Fuel Cycle
• Drafting Committee: C26.13 - Spent Fuel and High Level Waste

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1720 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Liquidus Temperature of Waste Glasses and
1
Simulated Waste Glasses
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1720; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining
standard.
the liquidus temperature (T ) of nuclear waste, mixed nuclear
L
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
waste,simulatednuclearwaste,orhazardouswasteglassinthe
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
temperature range from 600°C to 1600°C. This test method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
differs from Practice C829 in that it employs additional
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
methods to determine T . T is useful in waste glass plant
L L
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
operation, glass formulation, and melter design to determine
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
the minimum temperature that must be maintained in a waste
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
glassmelttomakesurethatcrystallizationdoesnotoccuroris
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
below a particular constraint, for example, 1 volume %
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
crystallinity or T . As of now, many institutions studying
1%
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
waste and simulated waste vitrification are not in agreement
2
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
regarding this constraint (1).
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 Three methods are included, differing in (1) the type of
equipment available to the analyst (that is, type of furnace and 3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
characterization equipment), (2) the quantity of glass available
C162Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
to the analyst, (3) the precision and accuracy desired for the
C829PracticesforMeasurementofLiquidusTemperatureof
measurement, and (4) candidate glass properties. The glass
Glass by the Gradient Furnace Method
properties, for example, glass volatility and estimated T , will
L
C859Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
dictate the required method for making the most precise
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
measurement. The three different approaches to measuring T
L
ASTM Test Methods
described here include the following: Gradient Temperature
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Furnace Method (GT), Uniform Temperature Furnace Method
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
(UT), and Crystal Fraction Extrapolation Method (CF). This
E2282Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
procedure is intended to provide specific work processes, but 4
2.2 NIST Standards:
may be supplemented by test instructions as deemed appropri-
SRM-773 National Institute for Standards and Technology
ate by the project manager or principle investigator. The
(NIST) Liquidus Temperature Standard
methods defined here are not applicable to glasses that form
SRM-674bNIST X-Ray Powder Diffraction Intensity Set
multiple immiscible liquid phases. Immiscibility may be de-
for Quantitative Analysis by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
tected in the initial examination of glass during sample
SRM-1416Aluminosilicate Glass for Liquidus Temperature
preparation (see 9.3). However, immiscibility may not become
SRM-1976aNISTInstrument Response Standard for X-Ray
apparent until after testing is underway.
Powder Diffraction
SRM-1976cInstrument Response Standard for X-Ray Pow-
der Diffraction
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on
Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on
3
Spent Fuel and High Level Waste. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2021. Published December 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C1720–17 . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1720-21. the ASTM website.
2 4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Av
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: C1720 − 17 C1720 − 21
Standard Test MethodMethods for
Determining Liquidus Temperature of Waste Glasses and
1
Simulated Waste Glasses
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1720; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected Fig. 9 title and 15.1.5 in January 2018.
1. Scope
1.1 These practices test methods cover procedures for determining the liquidus temperature (T ) of nuclear waste, mixed nuclear
L
waste, simulated nuclear waste, or hazardous waste glass in the temperature range from 600°C600 °C to 1600°C.1600 °C. This test
method differs from Practice C829 in that it employs additional methods to determine T . T is useful in waste glass plant
L L
operation, glass formulation, and melter design to determine the minimum temperature that must be maintained in a waste glass
melt to make sure that crystallization does not occur or is below a particular constraint, for example, 1 volume % crystallinity or
T . As of now, many institutions studying waste and simulated waste vitrification are not in agreement regarding this constraint
1%
2
(1).
1.2 Three methods are included, differing in (1) the type of equipment available to the analyst (that is, type of furnace and
characterization equipment), (2) the quantity of glass available to the analyst, (3) the precision and accuracy desired for the
measurement, and (4) candidate glass properties. The glass properties, for example, glass volatility and estimated T , will dictate
L
the required method for making the most precise measurement. The three different approaches to measuring T described here
L
include the following: (A) Gradient Temperature Furnace Method (GT),(BGT)), Uniform Temperature Furnace Method (UT), and
(CUT)), and Crystal Fraction Extrapolation Method (CF).(CF). This procedure is intended to provide specific work processes, but
may be supplemented by test instructions as deemed appropriate by the project manager or principle investigator. The methods
defined here are not applicable to glasses that form multiple immiscible liquid phases. Immiscibility may be detected in the initial
examination of glass during sample preparation (see 9.3). However, immiscibility may not become apparent until after testing is
underway.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1
ThisThese test method ismethods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13
on Spent Fuel and High Level Waste.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017Oct. 1, 2021. Published December 2017December 2021. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 20112017
ɛ1
as C1720 – 11C1720 – 17 . DOI: 10.1520/C1720-17E01.10.1520/C1720-21.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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C1720 − 21
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
C829 Practices for Measurement of Liquidus Temperature of Glass by the Gradient Furnace Method
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Spec
...