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ASTM E2148-11

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety

Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Application of this guide will provide users with information on how to use the various documents listed in Section 2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids.  
Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall into several categories, such as producers of metalworking or metal removal fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers, users of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and other interested parties, such as non governmental organizations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed in Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2010
ICS
13.100 - Occupational safety. Industrial hygiene
Technical Committee
E34 - Occupational Health and Safety
Drafting Committee
E34.50 - Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2148-06 - Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Replaced By
ASTM E2148-11a - Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
Effective Date
01-Mar-2011
Referred By
ASTM F86-21 - Standard Practice for Surface Preparation and Marking of Metallic Surgical Implants
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1497-23 - Standard Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Referred By
ASTM E2693-19 - Standard Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Referred By
ASTM E2523-13(2018) - Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1687-19 - Standard Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011
Referred By
ASTM E2889-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment
Effective Date
01-Jan-2011

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:E2148–11
Standard Guide for
Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal
1
Removal Fluid Health and Safety
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-
1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents
tions
relatedtohealthandsafetyofmetalworkingandmetalremoval
E2563 Test Method for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis
fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient
Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate
background information to effectively use the documents listed
Count Method
in Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped
E2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in
as applicable to producers, to users or to all.
Metalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(DMC) Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E2657 Test Method for Determination of Endotoxin Con-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
centrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
Metal Removal Fluid Environment
2. Referenced Documents E2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triph-
2
osphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2.2 Other Documents:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: A
Atmospheres
Guide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal
D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in
3
Fluids
Workplace Atmospheres
Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Expo-
E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-
4
sure to Metalworking Fluids
Miscible Metalworking Fluids
Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-
5
Manual
Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and
3. Terminology
Safety
3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, refer
E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential
to Terminologies D1356, E1542, and E2523.
of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the
3.2.1 endotoxins, n—lipopolysaccharides derived from the
Wet Metal Removal Environment
outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria.
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of
3.2.2 metal removal fluids, n—the subset of metalworking
Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace
fluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to produce
Atmospheres
the finished part.
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Metal removal fluids addressed by this
practice include straight or neat oils, not intended for further
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E34 on Occupational
HealthandSafetyandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE34.50onHealth
3
and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids. Available from Organization Resources Counselors, Inc., 1910 Sunderland
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published February 2011. Originally Place, NW, Washington DC 20036 or at http://www.orc-dc.com
4
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E2148 - 11. DOI: Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
10.1520/E2148-11. Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
5
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on ConstitutionAvenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/
the ASTM website. metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2148–11
dilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils, semisyn- 4.5 Documents Applicable to Users:
thetics,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:E2148–06 Designation:E2148–11
Standard Guide for
Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal
1
Removal Fluid Health and Safety
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal
fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed in
Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres
E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and Safety
E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal Environment
E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres
E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E2250Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentration in Water Miscible Metal Working Fluids 2523 Terminology for
Metalworking Fluids and Operations
E2563 Test Method for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate Count
Method
E2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC) Method
E2657 Test Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment
E2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphosphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
2.2 Other Documents:
3
Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: A Guide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal Fluids
4
Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Metalworking Fluids
5
Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices Manual
3. Terminology
3.1
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Health and
Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
Current edition approved Oct.Jan. 1, 2006.2011. Published October 2006.February 2011. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20032006 as
E2148-03.E2148 - 11. DOI: 10.1520/E2148-06.10.1520/E2148-11.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Organization Resources Counselors, Inc., 1910 Sunderland Place, NW, Washington DC 20036 or at http://www.orc-dc.com
4
Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
5
Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/
metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2148–11
3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, refer to Terminologies D1356, E1542, and E2523.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1
3.2.1
...

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ASTM E2148-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with information on how to use the various documents listed in Section 2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids.  
4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall into several categories, such as producers of metalworking or metal removal fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers, users of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and other interested parties such as non-governmental organizations.  
4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar with all the documents listed in Section 2, producers and users may each want to focus on certain documents which are directly applicable to them:  
4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers:  
4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids:  
4.4.1.1 Test Method E1687 covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella  mutagenesis assay of Ames et al.7 (see also Maron et al.).8 It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who use this test should be well versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.
4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removal fluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in the formulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils and soluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have an acceptable mutagenicity index or mutagenic potency index.  
4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids:  
4.4.2.1 Guide E1302 defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.
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1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related to health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed in Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Guide for Consensus-Based Process for an Occupational Safety and Health Standard That Includes an Occupational Exposure Guideline

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is designed to help identify and integrate affected stakeholder interests and to include relevant scientific and technical information when developing occupational safety and health standards that include or are proposed to include an OEG.  
5.2 This guide shall be used when updating an occupational safety and health standard containing an OEG.  
5.3 While use of the CBSD process is required for occupational safety and health standards that include an OEG, it may also be used to improve stakeholder involvement and technical input for other occupational safety and health standards.  
5.4 The CBSD process is intended:
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Standard Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and Safety

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SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for reducing dermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removal environment. The scope of this practice does not include exposure to chemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneous route), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.  
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5.1 The term appearance (see 3.2.1) implies the essential presence of human visual observations. The results of visual observation involve not only the step of observing, accomplished by the eye, but also the inseparable step of interpretation in the brain. Instrumental test methods currently cannot duplicate this second step, and therefore can now only approximate, but not fully measure, appearance. Such instrumental measures of appearance properties are useful only to the extent that they can be correlated to the results of visual observations by observers of the appearance phenomena being evaluated.  
5.2 Almost invariably, too little attention has been paid to ensuring that the essential visual observations have been properly obtained to provide the basis for correlating visual and instrumental test results.  
5.3 This guide provides the means for assessing observers, by outlining the requirements and tests for their selection, evaluation, and training. This guide should be useful to all experimenters designing or using visual test methods to provide either direct results in terms of the observation of appearance properties, or the experiments correlating such results with instrumental measures approximating the same appearance properties. The user is cautioned to avoid the substitution of validated vision tests with replicas of any kind, either printed, photographed or digitally displayed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes criteria and tests for selecting, evaluating, and training human visual-sensory observers for tasks involving the perception and scaling of properties and phenomena relating to appearance.  
1.2 Examples of tests requiring the use of trained observers include but are not limited to those described in the following ASTM standards: on color, Practice D1535 and Practice E1360; on color difference, Practice D1729 and Test Method D2616; on gloss, Test Method D4449; on metamerism, Practice D4086; and on setting tolerances, Practice D3134.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E848-94(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Safety and Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Water-Insoluble Chromates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide includes chromates that are not readily soluble in water and that have water solubilities (Chromate ION) within the range of the more soluble calcium chromate and the much less soluble lead chromate. The major occupations involving potential exposure to insoluble chromates are in roasting of chromite ore, the manufacture of chromate pigments, the manufacture of coatings containing chromate pigments, and spray painting with these coatings. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that trivalent chromium compounds are carcinogenic.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers control procedures for the safe production, storage, transportation, and handling of only the hexavalent chromium compounds found in Table 1 and their various hydrates, and mixtures of coprecipitates of the same regardless of crystalline form.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to cover (a) such “soluble” chromates as chromates of sodium, potassium, magnesium, or ammonium; (b) soluble bichromates; (c) chromic acid; (d) volatile chromyl compounds; (e) any trivalent chromium compound; or (f) elemental chromium. Omission of said compounds or classes of compounds should not be construed to mean that they may be handled without due regard to their particular physical, chemical, and toxicological hazards (9, 10, 11).  
1.3 The chromate ion, CrO4−2, depending upon the acidity, complexes to form di-, tri-, and higher polychromates; hence, the chromates listed in Table 1 may contain mixtures of polychromates, depending on the method of isolation and end use.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific precautionary information see Section 5.)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3670-91(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of Methods of Committee D22

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this standard is to provide guidelines to Committee D22 for the evaluation of the precision and bias, or both, of ASTM standard methods and practices at the time of their development. Such an evaluation is necessary to assure that a cross section of interested laboratories could perform the test and achieve satisfactory results, using the method as written. It also provides guidance to the user as to what levels of precision and accuracy may be expected in such usage.  
5.2 The write-up of the method describes the media for which the test method is believed to be appropriate. The collaborative test corroborates the write-up within the limitations of the test design. A collaborative test can only use representative media so that universal applicability cannot be implied from the results.  
5.3 The fundamental assumption of the collaborative test is that the media tested, the concentrations used, and the participating laboratories are representative and provide a fair evaluation of the scope and applicability of the test method as written.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance to task groups of Committee D22 on Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres in planning and conducting collaborative testing of candidate methods.  
1.2 It is intended for use with other ASTM practices for the determination of precision and bias.  
1.3 It is applicable to most manual and automated methods and to most components of monitoring systems. It is recognized that the evaluation of monitoring systems may provide special problems. Practice D3249 should be considered for general guidance in this respect.  
1.4 It is directly applicable to chemical methods and in principle to most physical methods, sampling methods, and calibration procedures.  
1.5 The processes described are for the general validation of methods of test. A user has the obligation and responsibility to validate any method it uses for a specific application and to demonstrate its own competence in the use of validated methods.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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