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ASTM D5278-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Elongation of Narrow Elastic Fabrics (Static-Load Testing)

Standard Test Method for Elongation of Narrow Elastic Fabrics (Static-Load Testing)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of narrow elastic fabrics because the test method is used in the trade for acceptance testing.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the parties should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If bias is found, either the cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.
This test method specifies the use of a static load apparatus. Users of this test method are cautioned that elongation test data obtained using this test method are not comparable to elongation test data obtained using either constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) or constant-rate-of-loading (CRL) type tensile testing machines.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the elongation characteristics of narrow elastic fabrics made from natural or man-made elastomers, either alone or in combination with other textile fibers, when tested with a static load testing procedure before or after laundering.
Note 1—For determination of similar characteristics using the constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine, refer to Test Method D 4964.
Note 2—For determination of similar characteristics using the constant-rate-of load (CRL) type tensile testing machine, refer to Test Method D 1775.  
1.2 The use of this test method requires the selection of, or mutual agreement upon, the effective static load at which the test results will be determined.
1.3 Laundering procedures used will be those specified in Test Method AATCC 135 for 3 washing and drying cycles.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifications.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jan-2009
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.59 - Fabric Physical Test Methods A
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5278-98(2004) - Standard Test Method for Elongation of Narrow Elastic Fabrics (Static-Load Testing)
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Replaced By
ASTM D5278/D5278M-09(2013) - Standard Test Method for Elongation of Narrow Elastic Fabrics (Static-Load Testing)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5278 − 09
StandardTest Method for
1
Elongation of Narrow Elastic Fabrics (Static-Load Testing)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5278; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1775 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Wide
3
Elastic Fabrics (Withdrawn 2000)
1.1 This test method determines the elongation characteris-
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
tics of narrow elastic fabrics made from natural or man-made
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
elastomers, either alone or in combination with other textile
Related Properties of Textiles
fibers, when tested with a static load testing procedure before
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
or after laundering.
Methods
NOTE 1—For determination of similar characteristics using the
D4964 Test Method for Tension and Elongation of Elastic
constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine, refer to
Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-Extension Type Tensile Testing
Test Method D4964.
Machine)
NOTE 2—For determination of similar characteristics using the
constant-rate-of load (CRL) type tensile testing machine, refer to Test
2.2 AATCC Test Method:
Method D1775.
135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering
4
1.2 The use of this test method requires the selection of, or
of Woven and Knit Fabrics
mutual agreement upon, the effective static load at which the
test results will be determined.
3. Terminology
1.3 Laundering procedures used will be those specified in
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
Test Method AATCC 135 for 3 washing and drying cycles.
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.1.1 For all terminology related to Force, Deformation and
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
Related Properties in Textiles see Terminology D4848.
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
3.1.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in
elongation, narrow elastic fabric, static load, in textile testing.
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
3.2 For all other terms related to textiles, see Terminology
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
D123.
specifications.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4. Summary of Test Method
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 Conditioned test specimens, laundered or unlaundered,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
are suspended and subjected to a specified loading. The static
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
load is applied for a specified time, released, and the cycle
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
repeated two more times. The percent elongation is read
directly from the scale on the apparatus.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
tancetestingofcommercialshipmentsofnarrowelasticfabrics
because the test method is used in the trade for acceptance
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
testing.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
General.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published February 2009. Originally
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5278–98(2004).
3
DOI: 10.1520/D5278-09. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or www.astm.org.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
the ASTM website. www.aatcc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5278 − 09
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in Unless the fabric width exceeds 75 mm [3 in.], use the full
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance fabric width as the test specimen width.
testing of commercial shipments, the parties should conduct 8.1.2.2 With the bench
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D5278–98 (Reapproved 2004) Designation: D 5278 – 09
Standard Test Method for
1
Elongation of Narrow Elastic Fabrics (Static-Load Testing)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5278; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the elongation characteristics of narrow elastic fabrics made from natural or man-made
elastomers, either alone or in combination with other textile fibers, when tested with a static load testing procedure before or after
laundering.
NOTE 1—For determination of similar characteristics using the constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine, refer to Test Method
D 4964.
NOTE 2—For determination of similar characteristics using the constant-rate-of load (CRL) type tensile testing machine, refer to Test Method D 1775.
1.2 The use of this test method requires the selection of, or mutual agreement upon, the effective static load at which the test
results will be determined.
1.3 Laundering procedures used will be those specified in Test Method AATCC 135 for 3 washing and drying cycles.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifications.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123Terminology Relating to Textile Materials
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3
D 1775 Test Method for Tension and Elongations of Wide Elastic Fabrics
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D 4964 Test Method forTension and Elongation of Elastic Fabrics (Constant-Rate-of-ExtensionTypeTensileTesting Machine)
2.2 AATCC Test Method:
4
135 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering of Woven and Knit Fabrics
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material to the length of the material prior to stretching. (Compare extension.)
3.1.2marrow elastic fabric, n—an elastic fabric that is less than 150 mm [6 in.] in width.
3.1.3static load, n— in textile testing, a mass which exerts a force by means of the mass alone without motion (synonym, dead
load).
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D 4850.
3.1.1 For all terminology related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties in Textiles see Terminology D 4848.
3.1.2 The following terms are relevant to this standard: elongation, narrow elastic fabric, static load, in textile testing.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on FabricTest Methods, General.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published January 2005. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1992 as D5278–92.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published February 2009. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 5278–98(2004).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
4
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://www.aatcc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 --------------------
...

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5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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